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00:06:470Michele De Carli: Okay.
00:16:370Michele De Carli: We're going to talk about digital heating and cooling systems, okay? So we…
00:21:300Michele De Carli: changed a little bit to the mood, so… well, not really much, but I mean…
00:27:240Michele De Carli: So we're going to see how, and I mean, how these systems are made, and also which are, let's say, the current and future trends for this
00:39:760Michele De Carli: systems for these solutions, okay? Alright, so, let's, first, Start off… Satisfied.
00:55:540Michele De Carli: Okay, let's first start with the, the typical, let's say, the typical, let's say…
01:04:569Michele De Carli: definition and what, I mean, and the typical issues that are related, the typical topics related to the District Heating and cooling network, say.
01:14:290Michele De Carli: So usually, it is, a local system, okay? I mean, local in the sense that it is, we're talking about, anyway, distributing the, network, okay? So, in a small size, relatively small size.
01:33:410Michele De Carli: But of course, merging different buildings, okay? So we can talk about this hidden network when we… when we need to…
01:41:930Michele De Carli: Let's say, merch.
01:45:990Michele De Carli: 3, 4 buildings, up to 100 buildings, okay? So, for doing this, we need,
01:56:530Michele De Carli: We need a central plant, okay?
02:00:450Michele De Carli: Where we should, or we could provide the, the heating and cooling,
02:09:289Michele De Carli: Heating or… heating or chilled water.
02:12:360Michele De Carli: And, usually, depending on… well, we'll see how… which are the, let's say, the different topics that we have to look at, okay?
02:23:960Michele De Carli: But, in general, okay, in order for… I mean, if we are not dealing with a unique, owner, okay,
02:36:980Michele De Carli: So, it might be that we can con… we should connect the different buildings, but, I mean, in the same property, like, for instance, the area here of the municipalado, okay, the north of Piago.
02:49:250Michele De Carli: But I mean, usually, if you have to manage different owners, then the best would be to have some kind of public body,
03:03:840Michele De Carli: in, I mean, in the… in the network, in, we who, or which can do the framework of this solution, okay? Because, of course.
03:14:620Michele De Carli: If there is a public body, like a municipality or a public authority, okay, then it is easier to get people connected to the grid.
03:28:40Michele De Carli: Okay? So, there are some political actions which should be, taken into account, local political actions, okay?
03:39:870Michele De Carli: So it's not only a question of, let's say, technical and economical issue, okay, but there are also some, let's say, some other topics to take into account.
03:56:70Michele De Carli: So we need, let's say, a general public framework for this solution. Otherwise, people will not.
04:04:650Michele De Carli: Of course, what do… what, we…
04:08:510Michele De Carli: what we usually do in these kind of systems, okay, we are, we try to use some, residual heat, okay? So we could waste, we could recover the heat from waste, or we could use renewables as we use.
04:27:130Michele De Carli: Okay, so… We could also use renewable sources, for the district treatment metal.
04:36:230Michele De Carli: So, which are the three, the three main, topics, or the three main subsystems that we can, consider? Well, we, we need a supply station, we need the centralized production for,
04:53:950Michele De Carli: the heating… Or the heating and cooling.
04:58:220Michele De Carli: And, usually we need a distribution system, a pipe, pipes that are, let's say, connecting the different buildings and the supply station. And in the different buildings, we have substations, okay? So,
05:12:370Michele De Carli: We have substation. Yeah, okay, I didn't mention, but of course, we could have also this stream cooling, just district cooling networks, okay, as it might happen in some topical areas.
05:23:920Michele De Carli: So why do we need the district team, or why do we propose distributing? Well, because
05:32:610Michele De Carli: This is, these are some Italian figures, okay? The main advantage is that if you
05:40:240Michele De Carli: Compare the different, or if you compare the use of electricity and heat in the buildings.
05:48:830Michele De Carli: Separately, as they usually are, okay?
05:53:230Michele De Carli: So, with natural gas boiler and electricity for the different purposes, okay?
05:58:300Michele De Carli: Then, usually, by working with district heating, for instance, working with waste heat from,
06:11:360Michele De Carli: the municipality waste, okay, or by cogeneration, okay, even working with
06:18:500Michele De Carli: Natural gas continuation systems, okay.
06:22:210Michele De Carli: you can see that, on average, okay, there is a saving of about 25% in terms of primary energy, and about 30% of emissions, okay? So, in general.
06:35:600Michele De Carli: Industry heating, looking at the overall consumption of the heating, okay, is usually, on average.
06:42:320Michele De Carli: more efficient. And in that case, we can…
06:47:750Michele De Carli: We can say that the district hearing is a good measure to
06:56:530Michele De Carli: make the systems more efficient, the houses more, the buildings more efficient.
07:07:950Michele De Carli: Okay, this is, let's say, the current state of the art of the district heating networks. Okay, so this is the comparison between what you can, let's say, have as primary energy consumption.
07:23:590Michele De Carli: in buildings, okay, in, let's say, in buildings, and the distributing buildings connected to the grids in Italy, okay?
07:36:20Michele De Carli: Of course, I… we will…
07:41:280Michele De Carli: I shall try to explain you what
07:44:10Michele De Carli: The effort today is to work or to improve, okay, the efficiency of the distributing networks, that means to lower both the primary energy consumption and also to increase the renewable energy,
08:03:160Michele De Carli: Source, right? So that you can even further lower the primary energy due to the distributing and the emission of the distributing network screen.
08:17:570Michele De Carli: I… And I can anticipate, okay, or I just can't mention that
08:25:380Michele De Carli: The district healing networks are one of the biggest measures that Europe is, trying to, emphasize, okay? Because, with the district healing network.
08:39:900Michele De Carli: You can get the easiest and cheapest solution, okay, to
08:46:540Michele De Carli: increase the efficiency and decrease the emission of buildings, okay, rather than individual solutions, okay? So that is why in Europe, okay, there are different strategies, okay?
09:02:130Michele De Carli: for promoting these three heating laws. I want to mention just one of them is the Danepra Planning, okay, from Germany, so the planning of, for heating,
09:14:970Michele De Carli: Solutions, okay, where they are investing money, okay, to find solutions to have a greater distributing network connections, okay, in… across the whole factory, okay?
09:29:40Michele De Carli: So, they're working a lot on this, on this, let's say, warming, plan, okay? So, to convert individual, systems into centralized systems, okay?
09:43:520Michele De Carli: Okay, then I will stop, it's okay, but it's not only a question of just replacing the systems, okay, but it might be that you can also work, okay, on a district level to work on efficiency measure on the buildings, coupled with
10:02:710Michele De Carli: distributing networks, okay? New generation distributing. And this is what is actually, based, as a discussion. We have a leading lab here in Pado, okay, which is called,
10:18:550Michele De Carli: Paddle 2030, okay, where the different stakeholders have sat down, okay, and, discussed how to
10:28:400Michele De Carli: decarbonize some areas of travel. Okay, so I want… so what I want to say is that the distilling networks are not only a measure to, say, make the buildings more efficient and
10:42:180Michele De Carli: less… and provide less emissions in, buildings, as they are, but you can also combine efficiency measures on that.
10:52:250Michele De Carli: With the district hearing, network, pulling the network zooms, okay?
10:58:240Michele De Carli: Alright, so…
11:00:350Michele De Carli: Today, this is the… these are the buildings that are so far… that are, connected to the grids, okay? Well, it's not really today, but it was maybe last year or two years ago, it doesn't matter, it doesn't change that much. You can see that most of the buildings are residential.
11:16:610Michele De Carli: They're in international buildings, and we can see that the industrial sector is not very much… is not very much, is not very much, connected to the distant heating.
11:28:420Michele De Carli: Okay.
11:29:720Michele De Carli: So, let's say that most of the… most of the distribution networks are mainly focusing on residential and commercial buildings, not really industrial sites.
11:42:250Michele De Carli: All right, so let's have a look at the history of this 3D network, so that we can understand, okay, how the technologies changed over time, and also which are the future trends and the
12:00:140Michele De Carli: perspectives for this, for this technology, okay?
12:04:580Michele De Carli: So, we start from, let's say, From,
12:13:570Michele De Carli: 20th century, okay, the crossing of 1900, okay, so across 1900,
12:21:830Michele De Carli: we had the first generation of these three images, okay? And in this case, we can see that in the biggest cities around the world, okay, in Europe and North America.
12:36:470Michele De Carli: They, started to think to have centralized function.
12:42:970Michele De Carli: Because they found that by having centralized heating systems, especially where you have cloudy conditions, or where you have large buildings, so high buildings, but also
12:58:600Michele De Carli: lots of people. Okay, at that time, people were mainly working with, say.
13:05:700Michele De Carli: With, with oil, okay? So it was, better to centralize the, hinge.
13:13:880Michele De Carli: With… and this meaning that with the metal pipes.
13:17:700Michele De Carli: Pardon, sorry. And at that time, the, the, the issue was to provide, and in order to provide a bigger, let's say, power, it was,
13:34:750Michele De Carli: They plan to distribute the steam, okay, across the city. In that way, they could, let's say, reduce the pollution due to the heating in the system.
13:46:670Michele De Carli: Of course, there are some… there have been some problems. We are, we are, let's say, in the beginning, of the same, also, heating and cooling history, okay?
14:02:20Michele De Carli: So, at that time, you had steam leakages, and a lot of losses, and also corrosion of pipes, okay, due to the…
14:12:540Michele De Carli: Because the water was not always treated as we can do it today, okay?
14:18:940Michele De Carli: So that were the main, problems. In, sorry, oil, and especially coal, okay, so that was the, the main, the main source for boilers in,
14:34:640Michele De Carli: In that time, in old… in ancient… let's say, in old times.
14:39:260Michele De Carli: As you like. If you want to say answers, you can say harsh, okay?
14:43:250Michele De Carli: Then, we had, the, second generation, okay?
14:48:190Michele De Carli: Why second generation? Because instead of working with vapor, we… it was planned to work with superheated water, okay, so pressurized water at a temperature greater than 100 degrees C, but still in liquid phase, okay?
15:06:170Michele De Carli: So in that, that was in, former Soviet Union, okay? So around, let's say, the middle of last century.
15:17:890Michele De Carli: In this case, there was, the, the so-called planned economy, so there were some, let's say, central decision made, solutions, okay?
15:32:190Michele De Carli: And, in this case, there were, oversized pipes and no permanent structure, okay?
15:40:710Michele De Carli: But it was an interesting approach, because many cities of Russia today, and also former,
16:00:180Michele De Carli: Boardman?
16:03:620Michele De Carli: Yes, East Europe countries, okay?
16:06:780Michele De Carli: They are… they still have some distributed networks working with virtualized and stuff, okay?
16:15:120Michele De Carli: Superhero. Okay, the third generation then started across the 60s, so 16 years ago.
16:25:980Michele De Carli: And, and then you can see there was a further reduction with the temperature, so, it was, starting to plan to work with the water, okay, between 90 and 60 degrees C, okay, so the supply and return temperatures were 90-60 degrees.
16:44:280Michele De Carli: And, it was, first, proposed in the Scandinavian couches.
16:53:140Michele De Carli: And that was mainly related to the climate, okay, because they had cold climate, or colder climate than near, and in order, I mean, to provide a safe, energy, okay, and with a greater efficiency than individual boilers.
17:13:300Michele De Carli: In that case, okay, we had also bracelet heat pipes, so it was a better understanding, a better, let's say, concern about the heat losses, okay, so that the pipes were starting to be…
17:28:359Michele De Carli: insert, okay? So, I mean, based on that, then, from the 80s, okay, there was also
17:39:290Michele De Carli: the… the… the… let's say, the startup, also, of these 3D networks here in Italy, okay, from 80s, with, a boom in the 90s, okay?
17:54:30Michele De Carli: Then, let's say at the beginning of 2000, okay, there was the introduction of the
18:07:430Michele De Carli: fourth generation of these 3D networks, okay? So, later 90s, in civilian countries, okay? There was the idea to start, or to further decrease the temperature of this 3D networks, so going from 90 degrees to 70 degrees C.
18:26:100Michele De Carli: as a supply temperature, not okay. with, which could, I mean, on one side, by lowering the temperature equality, would have been possible. It could be possible to improve the, improve the…
18:44:220Michele De Carli: Efficiency, okay, because you have less,
18:48:720Michele De Carli: heat losses, okay? And, of course, you can plug in, some renewable sources, okay, like solar collectors, or waste heat, or also gentlemen.
19:05:880Michele De Carli: source, okay? And… so,
19:13:200Michele De Carli: So that could, on one side, lower the losses, and on the other side, increase the
19:18:100Michele De Carli: increase the reopar energy. Okay, so, still today, okay, if you're planning to have a new dieseling network, you plan to work with lower temperatures than you used in the past, okay? So, maybe 70, maybe 60, okay, also because
19:35:360Michele De Carli: Today, most of the buildings, as I told you, new buildings, they have radium systems, okay? But still, if you work with radiators, as we are seeing, you can work with 60 degrees C as you start.
19:47:540Michele De Carli: Okay?
19:49:530Michele De Carli: Alright, and, last but not least, okay, in, let's say, since few years.
19:57:900Michele De Carli: There was a starting discussion on how to make a neutral temperature group, okay, in the water.
20:07:310Michele De Carli: So, the so-called fifth generation, of, district heating and cooling networks, okay? So, it has been, I mean, quite a colorly, proposed solution in Western Europe, okay?
20:21:960Michele De Carli: And, you, as you can see here, the idea is to have a loop where you have neutral temperature.
20:32:730Michele De Carli: a kind of, thermal district, sorry, thermal smart, grid, okay, where you can reject heat or absorb heat, okay, depending on the needs, okay? So you can imagine, for instance, that you might have
20:48:220Michele De Carli: a data center, okay, which can, which can…
20:55:230Michele De Carli: discharge the heat of the chimers into this grid, and you can then use this heat, okay, for heat up the houses, okay, with the heat pumps, okay? So, the idea is to try to connect, as,
21:11:830Michele De Carli: buildings with different uses, compared with different uses, which can, let's say.
21:17:900Michele De Carli: where you can recover the heat in the case. And the idea is also to couple this system with some storage solutions, okay, like, Boholman.
21:30:730Michele De Carli: Networks, okay, so ground heat exchanges, or the aquifer to play as a…
21:38:260Michele De Carli: A storage system, or other systems that we are going to see.
21:42:30Michele De Carli: So the idea is then not to have… not to have a centralized production, but to have a distributed solution, okay, of… with local heat pumps, okay, which have stored the heat, just in case. And of course, with scanning, cooling can retract the heat, okay?
22:01:80Michele De Carli: So the idea is to have it free-floating.
22:06:160Michele De Carli: Okay, that is how it works.
22:10:230Michele De Carli: Okay, so, let's have a look. This is, the,
22:20:360Michele De Carli: The, let's say, the check of the, let's say, in that time in 2019.
22:25:490Michele De Carli: deterioration grids that were present in Europe. Okay, so you can see that we had rather than… we had time around about 40 installations.
22:39:350Michele De Carli: And you can see, the different sources, okay, that could be used. You can see that there is a heterogeneous, okay, mix of different sources that you can use.
22:52:350Michele De Carli: air, solar, solar, ground, air, ground, water, okay, so groundwater, groundwater, river water, seawater, and so on. Okay, so the idea, is to work with local, okay, available sources that you can get.
23:09:540Michele De Carli: which could be air, sauna. And also, you can see that the idea is to work with a mix of sources, okay, not just one solution, okay?
23:21:360Michele De Carli: Alright, so, that is…
23:26:230Michele De Carli: Not all, but I mean, that is enough for… as introduction. Okay, let's now look at the
23:34:630Michele De Carli: At the, let's say… let's have a look at one parameter, which is extremely important, okay?
23:43:860Michele De Carli: Well, because, of course, you can plan the best disinear cooling network that you can
23:51:420Michele De Carli: You can, we can,
23:55:150Michele De Carli: thing, but on the other side, you need, you need to make it feasible, okay? So you need to make it economically feasible. Okay, sorry, I didn't mention that, okay? The good… the positive part of this solution is that you don't need…
24:12:550Michele De Carli: insulation, okay? So we just put the pipes without the insulation, okay? Usual pipes, okay, which make the system quite, cheap, reasonably cheap, with respect to other solutions that you need, right? Insulation, okay?
24:30:230Michele De Carli: Alright, so, the…
24:37:120Michele De Carli: The, the figure, which is, particularly important, is the…
24:43:530Michele De Carli: linear heat density. Okay, what is this? You, consider the
24:51:260Michele De Carli: energy that is needed for the buildings that you have to feed with this healing network, okay, and you divide the energy that has to be provided by the
25:02:350Michele De Carli: length of the pipes, okay, the linear length of the pipe that you have, okay? So, in this case, you can see that, you have,
25:16:940Michele De Carli: Here, there are some, let's say, some, some plants, okay, that you…
25:21:450Michele De Carli: That you can, see, okay? And, on the other side, you have the… I mean, this is the energy, this is the light, and of course, destruction, okay? So usually, the,
25:37:410Michele De Carli: The small values of ratio, okay, they represent, so if you have ratios between 0.5 and 1, okay, these are for, let's say, small-sized distribution networks, okay?
25:53:310Michele De Carli: As a matter of fact, Asiago, is, just providing few buildings, okay? Have you been…
26:04:800Michele De Carli: the… and the other one is, for instance, for me, this opra, okay. So there are some, these… and then, if you are across between 1 and 2, okay, these are mid-size, or even large size. Let's say that above 1.5, you are…
26:20:370Michele De Carli: you are in large size applications, okay? Of course, what does this figure mean? It means that, basically, the greater this figure, the greater the amount of energy that you can drive per meter, linear meter of pipe, okay?
26:38:380Michele De Carli: I want to show, I want to highlight, okay, that, for instance, Opini,
26:45:410Michele De Carli: here, collaboration is one of the biggest, and the first, okay, initiatives of history, and I'm like, okay, also,
26:59:150Michele De Carli: also, but I don't know, but yes, I want to mention Turin, okay? Turin was, up to, let's say.
27:09:530Michele De Carli: 20 years ago, there was almost nobody in that book, but then they started to…
27:15:300Michele De Carli: promote this solution, and today is the big, the largest distributing network that we have, and is still increasing. And of course, Milan is doing the same. In Milan, there is a bigger, bigger, let's say, investments, there are bigger, bigger investments in
27:33:860Michele De Carli: local distributed networks, okay? I want to mention that, yes, some athletic restaurant, okay?
27:45:870Michele De Carli: is also, quite a famous, solution, okay? Usually when…
27:54:290Michele De Carli: Usually for, for mountain areas, okay, you have, usually these, these healing networks, okay, they are mainly based on, on,
28:06:880Michele De Carli: of wood, okay, as biomass. And usually, there is a positive point to think about the
28:17:860Michele De Carli: this 3D network, in terms of success, because usually.
28:24:510Michele De Carli: There is, or there was, okay, when they started, no, network of natural gas, okay, which made the solution of this heat network
28:35:360Michele De Carli: Farther competitive than, in, let's say.
28:39:870Michele De Carli: cities or areas, urban areas, where you have the, the…
28:46:910Michele De Carli: get your gas meter, okay? Because the oil costs you more than the gas, than the Chinese.
28:53:540Michele De Carli: All right, so, what does this, okay, we have seen what it means, but basically, okay, this is also, let's say,
29:06:670Michele De Carli: By looking at this, this parameter, okay, then you know, okay.
29:12:900Michele De Carli: if this heating network can be compromising or not in terms of success, okay? So, if you're able to drive more energy per meter, okay, it's this linear intensity.
29:29:140Michele De Carli: is higher, it means that the costs of the network
29:35:900Michele De Carli: will impact less on the energy that you are… that you are driving, okay? Because you need less typing to drive the energy, okay? And since the most… the… the most costly
29:52:180Michele De Carli: or the most expensive, the greatest costs, okay, are related to the parking, to the network, okay, then you can imagine that if you…
30:03:840Michele De Carli: Increase this linear heat density, means that you can drive more heat per meter, and of course, you can… you can provide more heat for… per meter, per kilometer of the
30:16:990Michele De Carli: of the approach. So, if you are…
30:20:300Michele De Carli: if you have a greater linear density, okay, that… then you will have a more favorable condition to have success. So the finite will… most probably will have success, because it will cost less.
30:39:820Michele De Carli: Okay, and, you will, you can get cheaper, costs for the permanent energy that you are selling.
30:52:470Michele De Carli: Okay?
30:54:120Michele De Carli: I think a great one that he was, downstage program.
30:58:170Michele De Carli: We figured out that maybe's,
31:00:730Michele De Carli: the house where… Yeah, yeah, the house station means the substation, yeah, the substation of the house.
31:08:50Michele De Carli: Okay?
31:10:30Michele De Carli: Because this is also…
31:14:520Michele De Carli: this resource. What is the cost that you want to sell with a distributor eliminator? Is the heat exchanger that… because it's not only to take out the boiler and put the heat exchanger, but you have also to
31:29:950Michele De Carli: to install the pipes to get from the… from the, from the same network to your house, okay? And these are the main costs that are provided, that are kept. So, depending on the… on the philosophy, these costs could be included or not in the… in the tariff, yes.
31:48:810Michele De Carli: that when you do a system like this, the final cost of the installation in your house is up to the consumer, or to the company that does the… It depends.
32:01:140Michele De Carli: We could maybe, district heating would pass below your house, but you don't use it.
32:08:100Michele De Carli: Well, in principle, since 2005, okay, with the, with the, the, with the entering force of the, of the EPVD,
32:21:610Michele De Carli: by, by law, you should, if you are close to the distributed method, you have to substitute your boiler, you should connect to the distillating. Yes.
32:35:100Michele De Carli: That's on your phone.
32:37:820Michele De Carli: In 15 years, in 15 years, we will have to probably substitute there.
32:44:30Michele De Carli: It's always under cost travel with the consumer. It depends, it depends, it depends. It might be that it is, it is out of the cost, but it can be included in the tariff, you know, in the store.
32:58:730Michele De Carli: For sure, the substation, yes, the heat exchanger, yes, okay, but the cost for the… for… it might be…
33:07:890Michele De Carli: half enough, okay, or can be in… can be paid by the company, so it depends, okay? There are different rules, different…
33:17:880Michele De Carli: Okay, alright, so…
33:27:930Michele De Carli: Alright, so there is also, okay, there is also another, toy which has to be taken into account.
33:36:100Michele De Carli: And the point is that usually related to the linear density, there is also the linear loss, okay? So there is also the heat loss. So, if you have smaller linear density, usually you have also higher, losses, okay?
33:54:220Michele De Carli: heat losses, which make the distiling network less.
33:59:50Michele De Carli: efficient, okay? And, here these are the figures for the… from the International Energy Agency, okay? These are the figures for Europe. These are the figures for Italy, okay, where you can see that, in both cases, you can see that if you have
34:18:90Michele De Carli: A greater linear loss, usually that loss could be, let's say, below 15% of,
34:26:730Michele De Carli: of the pupils.
34:28:570Michele De Carli: 1-5%, okay? Or even small, okay? They…
34:35:810Michele De Carli: I have to mention that there are two factors, okay, affecting the analysis, okay, the heat losses. One is the temperature, of course. The lower the temperature, the lower the losses. But also, it depends if you have to provide
34:51:489Michele De Carli: for instance, here in Italy, okay, if you have to provide just heating, okay, so that it means that you switch off the system.
35:00:950Michele De Carli: you switch on the system from October to
35:05:750Michele De Carli: I agree, or if you need to provide also the domestic…
35:09:890Michele De Carli: If you want to provide the domestic hot water, then in this case, the… the…
35:16:140Michele De Carli: the heat losses that you have, okay, could, that are also related to the summer period, where you usually don't have… don't use so much heating, okay, but this will increase the relative loss, okay? Because, you will have, let's say.
35:39:70Michele De Carli: if these are the losses, okay, let's consider that they are fixed, okay, or the 12 months, okay? If in winter you need this amount of heat, and in summer you need this amount of things, okay, by considering just the 6 months, and these are the losses.
35:58:850Michele De Carli: Let's proceed earlier now.
36:00:750Michele De Carli: I'll see something,
36:03:370Michele De Carli: Okay, but of course, the…
36:07:580Michele De Carli: This area here, compared to the overall area, is a certain percentage, but if you consider, then, all this area compared to the sum of this, then the relative loss will increase, okay?
36:24:590Michele De Carli: Okay, so there is a discussion if you have to make a centralized heating system, if it's just heating or domestic hotels. Usually, okay, it might, especially for new DCE networks, it might be convenient, okay, in multi-residential buildings.
36:42:190Michele De Carli: To have just heating to provide to the building, and then domestic water to have individual, individual.
36:51:940Michele De Carli: system. Or…
36:53:780Michele De Carli: Instead, if you work with solar collector, with some type of collectors, okay, you don't care if you have that, simply because the diamond is truthful.
37:02:530Michele De Carli: Someone will have to pay for the 10 or 4 letters, but, I mean, it will be cheaper than using natural gas. Okay.
37:10:230Michele De Carli: Now, what are the costs of the same effort? The costs are… should be smaller, that could be smaller than the
37:24:430Michele De Carli: Costs of, the, fossil fuel that you usually use, okay?
37:31:210Michele De Carli: they should include not only the running costs, but also the maintenance cost, okay? So they need to include also the…
37:40:360Michele De Carli: The maintenance cost, okay, which is usually due to the yearly, check of your boiler, okay, so if you're not the boiler.
37:51:810Michele De Carli: you should have a check every year about the combustion efficiency of the book. So these costs should be included here, and you need to have a lower, okay, to have a cheaper solution with a distributed network.
38:07:370Michele De Carli: And sometimes it might be a problem, okay, so that, so… The duty.
38:14:790Michele De Carli: the cost sometimes could be, even, okay, very close to the, to the, to the, individual solution, okay? And, of course, the greater the difference, the greater will be the, okay, the…
38:34:540Michele De Carli: the success of the machine method, okay? Because if you… if the… if the user will…
38:42:70Michele De Carli: Knows that, the, the, the, the…
38:46:780Michele De Carli: then the heating is much cheaper. It will…
38:51:130Michele De Carli: more probably compared to the grid. If there are not so many differences, okay, we might be not that convinced to convertible, okay?
39:03:650Michele De Carli: Alright, so… How…
39:06:910Michele De Carli: Can the… how can a disability network be made? Okay, there are different… these are the typical factors of these networks that you might have in urban areas.
39:19:730Michele De Carli: in the first case, you can see that they may… that you can have individual networks, okay? It means…
39:28:230Michele De Carli: individual…
39:30:190Michele De Carli: liberal supply stations, okay? And, and, with local district heating networks, okay? And this, in this case, if you have independent district heating networks, okay?
39:48:100Michele De Carli: Which can be, let's say, the,
39:53:140Michele De Carli: define a layout, or it could be even a preliminary layout of a distinctive network, because you have to think about that when you plan to have a distinctly network, you start with some, let's say.
40:07:540Michele De Carli: steps, okay? So, it could be that maybe you can have the first… the first steps of the decision.
40:14:10Michele De Carli: Okay, then you can increase the network and maybe connect them, as we can see here.
40:19:960Michele De Carli: You can add a tree structure, as in this case here, okay.
40:26:870Michele De Carli: You can add the ring, okay, and, here.
40:32:610Michele De Carli: And, in this case, you can have a mesh network, so even more connected, okay? So, what are the… of course, if you…
40:43:120Michele De Carli: If you can provide a ring or a mesh network, okay, then you can better, okay, distribute the pressure losses, around the…
40:56:890Michele De Carli: Around the… but anyway, okay, in this case, you have even a more capillary system, okay.
41:06:520Michele De Carli: Remember that in case you have not enough pressure, usually you have some substations, okay, where you have a heat exchanger, and you pump again the water, okay, in a sub… in a sub-distributed, or in a sub-distreaming.
41:22:410Michele De Carli: Okay? So you need a central pumping area where you have heat exchange and a pump, and you can, in that case, okay, balance and the big banks are there.
41:36:580Michele De Carli: Okay, so, I told you the best… sorry, not the best, the most critical, part of the costs is related to the
41:47:70Michele De Carli: to the, piping, okay? So, to the… to the, to the network. And here you can see the costs, okay, that, depending on the diameter, okay?
41:59:930Michele De Carli: Of course, the greater the diameter, the greater the cost per liter, okay, which is related to the diameter of the timeout, also due to the excavation, okay, because you need larger branches, okay, to house the pipes.
42:14:780Michele De Carli: And, in this case, what you can see is that, in, in, cities, okay, in, you know, dense, urban areas.
42:26:60Michele De Carli: The cost of the piping is greater than nothing.
42:30:860Michele De Carli: Daniel?
42:32:20Michele De Carli: of the network, okay, greater than in suburban, areas, or out of the city, okay? And that is mainly related to the fact that, usually, if you are in, out of the city area, okay, you could mainly
42:48:160Michele De Carli: Just make a trench on,
42:52:560Michele De Carli: on… not on the… on the roads, but maybe somewhere else, okay? So, as a matter of fact, what it is recommended is that if you're planning to do some
43:04:370Michele De Carli: works on the streets, on the road of Yoha, on your cities, okay, it might be, okay, a good, a good, moment, a good, time.
43:13:680Michele De Carli: to install, to lay down the pipes for the 3D method, because in that case, you would have anyway the cost of making the purchase of this condition, and in that case, you could just… or you could, let's say, buy a minimum
43:29:610Michele De Carli: a minimum increase of the costs, okay, you can lay down the tax, which could make the system
43:37:320Michele De Carli: more economically feasible, okay?
43:42:250Michele De Carli: So, it would have been nice to have, okay, some pipes put down, okay, while doing the plan, okay, here in Padu, and apart, apart the…
43:56:500Michele De Carli: the… the pre-installation of, let's say, holes for the D3 network, which will connect the waste heat
44:05:200Michele De Carli: station to the new hospital, okay.
44:09:170Michele De Carli: So far, no other, okay, works related to potential disability. So it is planned that the new hospital will not be collected, sorry, to the… to the… to the wasted generation that we have close by.
44:27:600Michele De Carli: Okay, okay, okay, okay, okay, so, and yes, of course, groundwork, you can see this is the major cost, okay, as I told.
44:37:800Michele De Carli: Alright, so…
44:41:180Michele De Carli: what should you consider? Well, when you have to design the… this heating network, okay, you could, you should consider the, the…
44:57:40Michele De Carli: the energy, the heat demand, and also the peak load, okay, of the buildings. Of course, you're within the heat losses, okay, but people say you can account for 15-20% of heat losses, okay?
45:12:150Michele De Carli: So, you had a certain idea of the…
45:17:140Michele De Carli: Of the energy related to a certain area, okay? And then you can, you can, then,
45:27:260Michele De Carli: Guess a little bit the first sentence of buildings that can be connected, okay.
45:33:150Michele De Carli: And, based on, 30…
45:36:340Michele De Carli: degree C per decal, you know, water temperature first time of priority, depends on the temperature, okay, of the spray temperature, okay? Then you, you can,
45:50:520Michele De Carli: You can assign a certain flow rate, and depending on the flow rate, and depending on the path of the distribution network, then you will size the pipes, and you will have an idea on the cost.
46:01:840Michele De Carli: Okay, so I want… I didn't put that, but I can show you, okay, a little bit what is,
46:19:250Michele De Carli: Okay, let me just have a look.
46:22:10Michele De Carli: Just to make an… just to…
46:26:450Michele De Carli: Okay, sorry, I didn't… I didn't do that, okay, but, I mean, it's not really… it's not really important. So these are the… this is one of the European projects that,
46:35:180Michele De Carli: Okay, the heat maps, okay, so the verbal plan rule is actually working on heat maps. So there is the… the idea in Europe, okay, to try inside the… the warmest points, okay, which are the ones which have the greater… the greatest,
46:54:40Michele De Carli: need of energy, because in that area, it might be more feasible, okay, this trading network, okay? So the idea is to make these areas, okay, which are made, I mean, based on, like, people… the density of people, okay, or could be
47:11:170Michele De Carli: even more, with you, okay? So this is not just to make you… to have you just… to give you an idea of how you can combine, okay, the local energy with the potential distribution network, or thermal energy that you can derive in the distributor.
47:28:990Michele De Carli: Dang.
47:31:770Michele De Carli: Okay.
47:39:110Michele De Carli: Okay?
47:44:480Michele De Carli: No, no case.
47:49:960Michele De Carli: release.
47:56:610Michele De Carli: Go to these…
48:01:690Michele De Carli: Excuse me, Kenny.
48:04:910Michele De Carli: The presentation is missing, sorry.
48:21:950Michele De Carli: Okay, yeah, I was…
48:23:890Michele De Carli: So, so this is how you can first size, okay? You can first size the deceiving. So, you have to combine the energy demand on the building with the peak load, okay? And, and then, based on the peak load, okay.
48:41:310Michele De Carli: He said.
48:42:550Michele De Carli: driving once per kilometer, okay, then you know that this wall, that this building means, I don't know, to…
48:50:690Michele De Carli: 1,000 cubic meters.
48:53:790Michele De Carli: or 10,000 cubic meters, so in this case, you will have 20, 200, 200 kilts, okay, of peak, okay, and by assigning a delta T of 30 degrees C, then
49:08:100Michele De Carli: You will have the mass flow rate of the water, which has to reach this point, and so here we have the… this mashro area, and you add the mass flow area, and then you make the
49:20:200Michele De Carli: You realize that.
49:22:330Michele De Carli: the… the diameter of the… of the main part of distribution, of course, okay?
49:29:320Michele De Carli: Of course, the best way you want to start with this is to have already some agreements with the… with some buildings that, you know, that will then connect to the distributing network, okay?
49:42:580Michele De Carli: All right, so, the pipes, I don't want to talk very much about that, but let's say that, you can, choose,
49:53:300Michele De Carli: steel pipes or plastic pipes, okay? There are pros and cons. Usually, the plastic pipes, especially with small varieties, okay, they are very easy to…
50:05:930Michele De Carli: To lay down, okay, and also the costs for hosting the… the… the… the… the…
50:13:810Michele De Carli: the pipes can be relatively easy, or could be lower, especially if you're working, okay, with horizontal drilling, okay? So you might have some horizontal drilling, okay, with
50:26:970Michele De Carli: And in that case, you could even avoid data collection. Of course, what is really still important is to have a
50:36:850Michele De Carli: a very, detailed idea of what sub, sub,
50:44:840Michele De Carli: subsystems you have, okay, below the ground, so electric networks, natural gas network, and so on, in order, also the water, the aqueduct water, okay, so that you don't, make, disasters when you, when you…
51:01:50Michele De Carli: When you, when you, you know, when you make the trenches, or when you…
51:07:630Michele De Carli: So, I want to mention that
51:11:230Michele De Carli: by, of course, remember, if you… you can even work with larger delta T, okay, so that you can reduce the flow rate and use smaller pipes, okay? So if you use smaller pipes, then there are some prefabricated solutions, translated solutions, which are
51:29:120Michele De Carli: Very interesting, okay, and it can make the… this reading network mulch.
51:34:710Michele De Carli: more affordable, okay?
51:38:440Michele De Carli: Okay.
51:39:430Michele De Carli: reach that, honestly.
51:45:950Michele De Carli: It depends, but usually, one… between 1 and 2 liters.
51:53:640Michele De Carli: What a wolf.
51:55:610Michele De Carli: Yeah, I mean, this is the… this is what you usually do, okay, at least 60 centimeters, at least 60 centimeters.
52:05:860Michele De Carli: But then it depends if you have some other subsystems, okay, or not, yeah.
52:11:470Michele De Carli: And…
52:14:750Michele De Carli: Yes, this is the solution, as I told you, because this is a perfectly solution. They are already included in, in, in,
52:24:830Michele De Carli: in, polyurethane form, okay? And, and there is another plastic pipe on, so it is a definite solution, okay, that allows you to have… and it is in,
52:40:300Michele De Carli: enroll, okay, fantastic, okay, so that you can, okay, lay down very quickly, so you don't have to…
52:46:370Michele De Carli: with, with the steep pipes, okay, and also with large magnetic plastic pipes, you need to hold, okay, empty pipes, so it is, also slower as, as installation. Okay, in this case, you can see, you can, you know.
53:03:640Michele De Carli: drill, okay, with, with another plastic pipe, okay, so you, you can… you can drill it out, okay, you can, you can make it very cheap. Also, covering
53:14:820Michele De Carli: Relatively large distances, okay?
53:18:640Michele De Carli: Okay, so this is… so you can work with this solution, you can have a tunnel, where you put the pipes, or they can be… they can be in the ground, okay? They can be…
53:29:900Michele De Carli: in the ground, okay? This is, also, okay, here you have a kind of, let's say, rules, okay, that, that can be considered. Of course, if you lay down the pipes, then you need to consider also a layer of sand in order to
53:47:520Michele De Carli: to, to avoid, some place or, or, or terror which could affect the, the, the, the pipe, okay? The, the pipes are all insulated, okay? So, either the plastic or the steep pipes, they are insulated because of the pink.
54:06:370Michele De Carli: Okay, so here you have some, some rules, okay, to find the right, the right, the right,
54:20:480Michele De Carli: distance between pipes, and so on, okay? So here you can see 18… 80 centimeters the recommended depth, okay? So 1 meter is.
54:32:60Michele De Carli: Okay, this is an example of this area here, okay? So you can see there is a tunnel, walkable tunnel, okay?
54:41:680Michele De Carli: We are here.
54:45:690Michele De Carli: No, we have.
54:48:400Michele De Carli: Excellent.
54:50:140Michele De Carli: We are here, okay. And, so this is M1 and M2, here at this by office, okay.
55:01:160Michele De Carli: So, the central plant is here, okay, and here you have the DCL network, which is going to
55:08:940Michele De Carli: volition, okay, to the carteen, and to the Abbasi, there is not the Abbasi, okay, by the way.
55:16:250Michele De Carli: And on the other side, you have the… here, okay, the subpar, the rules.
55:23:630Michele De Carli: So you can see that my office is very close, so I have no problems in the heating and cooling. So, but I'm lucky, because on the… on the very end of the corridor, they had problems in cooling, okay, so… I don't care.
55:38:480Michele De Carli: Okay, so, these are the, these are the…
55:45:70Michele De Carli: the laboratories and intel, okay? And, and actually, the, the distribution and cooling method is also, okay, is also providing the psychology, people, okay?
56:00:330Michele De Carli: So this is an example of substations, okay?
56:06:190Michele De Carli: so you can see there is a heat exchange, you have a three-way wave, okay, and you have the, the user, okay, on the other side. So, and yes, I did mention that it's… it is a second generation, okay, so it was…
56:25:940Michele De Carli: formerly, at the beginning, working with super indent water, right? But today, it works with just hot water, with long water. So, a few years ago, we proposed to reduce the temperature.
56:41:770Michele De Carli: And, and, actually tools, okay? So, it is,
56:49:330Michele De Carli: only a question in case to, in this case, also to change the heat exchanger. Of course, we need to consider the different,
56:58:350Michele De Carli: initial moves, but in the office, they had the front office and designed for the signal, so, I mean, it was not really necessary to work with the superheated,
57:12:20Michele De Carli: water. Save?
57:13:690Michele De Carli: This is the heat supply station, so you can see there are 3 boilers, okay? And this is, okay, so this is catchable, won't go too much in detail on that, but this is how this works, okay?
57:33:730Michele De Carli: Alright,
57:37:60Michele De Carli: Actually, this is the pooling, grant, okay, just as what we have seen yesterday, okay? We have,
57:48:130Michele De Carli: I think this is the old sketch, because the cooling… the cooling center and plant has been,
57:55:870Michele De Carli: substituted last year. Okay, so…
57:59:60Michele De Carli: We have one in operation. We have, the cooling towers, okay, so the… we have… this is a water-to-water…
58:06:210Michele De Carli: cooling system, okay. And yes, in this case, you can see that you have an IXA, okay, so it is, you have an IXer, I mean, we have the pumps, okay, for the different buildings.
58:25:70Michele De Carli: Okay, and while inside we have, for…
58:31:220Michele De Carli: for instance, for the area unit of,
58:36:330Michele De Carli: German one and two, okay, we have a direct supply, okay, so it's, it's, it's a mix, okay, it's a little bit…
58:42:360Michele De Carli: It's a little bit complicated, and… Okay.
58:47:120Michele De Carli: Well, here, you can see, there is the heat exchanger, so there are the substations, and then the pumps.
58:54:870Michele De Carli: the building side, okay?
58:57:240Michele De Carli: For the psychology, meetings. Okay.
59:02:270Michele De Carli: So let's go on, because…
59:06:410Michele De Carli: So, as I told you, the… it is very important, extremely important.
59:14:40Michele De Carli: If, you, if you are to supply just the space heating, the space heating and the domestic hot water, or just the domestic hot water, usually domestic hot water.
59:29:880Michele De Carli: There are few, few, few, few conditions for domestic water, especially in processes also.
59:40:910Michele De Carli: I want to show you, okay, so this is…
59:44:720Michele De Carli: the pressure pattern that you have is either still remote. So these are the… in the supply, so in the thermal plate, you have the pump, okay, so here you have the…
59:57:320Michele De Carli: The latest pressure drop, okay, so the supply Night, easily.
00:02:910Michele De Carli: the red line here, of course, you have linear losses, okay, so the, the related pressure dropper, the pressure curve, is the red one that you can see here. I will highlight with the pointer, okay?
00:21:670Michele De Carli: the… the distance you are, okay, so you have to call Singer and young, she's the only, yeah, okay, so…
00:27:250Michele De Carli: the loss will be, like this. Okay, then, in the farthest point of the, of the network, okay, you, then we'll have the return.
00:41:620Michele De Carli: And, of course, here you will have the other losses that you have to take into account, okay? So, this is the point with the minimum delta P, okay? And, of course, the maximum delta P is what you have to cover with the
00:58:370Michele De Carli: with the,
01:01:40Michele De Carli: head of the pump, okay? So, you can see, okay, so the, the continuous line that represents the winter period, okay? And in case you, are providing the heating also for the
01:21:130Michele De Carli: Some season, okay, in case of the domestic hotter.
01:24:480Michele De Carli: You will probably work.
01:27:940Michele De Carli: At lower temperature, but for sure, with a lower
01:32:110Michele De Carli: Throw rate, okay? So usually, if you… the demand of the buildings are smaller, then you reduce the flow rate, but then you have to take attention.
01:43:340Michele De Carli: about the pressure drops that you might have in reduced flow rate conditions, okay? Because, of course, if you reduce the flow rate, then you will reduce also the pressure drop, okay? And the pressure drops in these conditions will reduce well, okay? So…
02:01:580Michele De Carli: That is how it was. I want to mention that a possibility could be to still work with high temperature, okay? So, yeah, especially west heat, okay, you can still work at high temperatures in the DCE network.
02:19:940Michele De Carli: And if you provide water at 90 degrees C, you can have local absorption sugar to cool down the building, okay, so that you can… you can exploit the hot water, okay, in…
02:33:830Michele De Carli: winter, and summer, okay? That is an option. Or, if you want to work with the district and cooling network, then you have to switch from heat to cooling, okay?
02:43:00Michele De Carli: Or the other way is to work with four pipes, but that will make the
02:48:340Michele De Carli: The, the, the district network.
02:52:140Michele De Carli: more costly, okay? So, there are different options, okay? So, of course.
02:58:620Michele De Carli: The longer the period, and the longer… and the greater advantage that you will sell, the best will be for the payback time, okay, but then you have to consider how you should provide the heating. So you can have still two pipes and say.
03:13:870Michele De Carli: operation, and work in heating and query, or you can just work in heating
03:20:860Michele De Carli: Both seasons, and then you have… Absorption channels in,
03:25:480Michele De Carli: In the different buildings, okay, and or, for instance, if you have, like, the waste heat, you can then have the absorption center here and provide the chilled water. Okay, if you have to provide chid and hot water, then you will have four parts, which make the system
03:45:660Michele De Carli: more costly, because it's not only that you double the cost of that pipe, but also, okay, the transit you have to
03:52:550Michele De Carli: That destroys the pipes, okay?
03:56:30Michele De Carli: I will skip this, and also this one, okay? I want to show you some examples of operation of the distingu method, okay?
04:09:60Michele De Carli: This is, an example of, of, of, Verona, okay? Verona, as you have seen, is one of the
04:19:730Michele De Carli: is, has, is, Inverto is the largest, presents the largest distributed network, okay, but it's not the largest in itself, okay, you see.
04:30:260Michele De Carli: And so you can see here we have a network, okay, which is…
04:39:90Michele De Carli: Okay, this is the central area, okay, of the… this is one part of the map. There is another, this is Rona, okay? But this is the so-called Veronological, okay? There are three supply stations.
04:55:30Michele De Carli: One with, gas fire, so, conservation, okay, heat pumps and gas boilers. They usually use the gas boilers for the peak, okay?
05:06:420Michele De Carli: The second part is, wasted from Hungary, okay? And then, so this is here… so this is the first one, and this one, and in CSD, okay, there has been an additional session in the Gospels, okay?
05:24:890Michele De Carli: So, in this case, you can see we have a 25 kilometers network, okay, with, 250 buildings, okay, 250 users, okay, and, and here is the people, the 38 megawatts of people.
05:42:190Michele De Carli: Okay, so I want to show… I want to show you what? I want to show you a few… a couple of slides, okay? Here is what I was mentioning before. So, the adjustment, okay, of the, flow rate according to the
06:03:30Michele De Carli: title and member of the, of the users, okay? So you can see here that, no, here you can't see, you can see that in the next slide, but anyway, you can see here that, the…
06:17:970Michele De Carli: According to the… To the flow rate that you are, okay, sorry. And…
06:27:860Michele De Carli: In this case, you can see that you can work in nominal condition, okay, with the… by working with the same, dental P, even changing slightly the…
06:40:370Michele De Carli: the…
06:46:200Michele De Carli: not changes, but keeping things where they throw away the head of the path, okay? All the pressure to not produce quick, okay?
06:55:500Michele De Carli: And here, you can see, you can have a reduction, okay, of the… both the flow rate and the delta P, okay, and of course, it depends on the load of the V. And you can see that in any case, you will keep a certain delta P fixed, okay.
07:12:480Michele De Carli: So this is how the, the network works, okay? And here, you can see, okay, the,
07:24:20Michele De Carli: how you can… how they modulate, okay, they prorate according to the time alone. Okay, so you can see that by…
07:32:930Michele De Carli: By changing the thermal load, okay, then you can change the flow rate, okay?
07:40:160Michele De Carli: By, for instance, keeping costs of the data P, okay, of the network, okay, so that you can reduce the flow rate, okay, and here you can see
07:50:200Michele De Carli: sector.
07:51:580Michele De Carli: you can, hour by hour, day by day, okay, hour by hour, you can reduce the flow rate. And, of course, you can see here, you have, minimum flow rates of about 500, 500,
08:12:710Michele De Carli: So, I think that this, I don't know, I mean, I guess that this is the summer solution, I think.
08:21:630Michele De Carli: And we… Okay.
08:30:90Michele De Carli: Now, what is the… of course, you need to consider… what? You need to consider that in this distribution, you need to check the pressure that you might have, especially at partial load conditions, okay? So it might be that the partial load conditions
08:46:729Michele De Carli: Especially if you work with a variable flow rate, okay, there might be some points which are, let's say, not… which might not reach the, the,
08:59:520Michele De Carli: They wanted flow rate, Okay, but of course, as I told you, when you…
09:06:819Michele De Carli: When you plan to have this little network, there might be, or hopefully, there are more and more users. The greater the number of users, the better will be the lower will be the time, and the most profitable will be the investment, okay?
09:24:439Michele De Carli: So what should you do if you get… if you reach, let's say, a point where you could, increase the… the power, or negative power to the data, so the amount of users, but you might have problems in
09:42:10Michele De Carli: In getting enough energy, and or in the prorate, okay, in the balance of the network, okay, from the…
09:52:520Michele De Carli: Well, one, point, one possibility is to, put locally, okay, an additional, plant, an additional production supply station, okay, and
10:06:970Michele De Carli: One possibility is, for instance, to work, as in this case, okay, with the… in this case, okay, to work with a solar panel filter, okay?
10:21:190Michele De Carli: collectors, okay? In this case, you will have, for sure, a pump, to supply to have
10:30:40Michele De Carli: So here you can see, in this case, you can see that the pressure… the pressure difference is smaller, so you have the balance in the organic photo of you. In this case, you can see that by inserting this, you have two positive actions. One is to balance the grid.
10:49:790Michele De Carli: And on the other side is that you are also providing some renewable energy, okay, in your region, so which makes, okay, the distribution network lowering the primary energy and increasing the renewable energy chain.
11:08:540Michele De Carli: Okay, so remember this, because this is one point, and this is what actually are doing the… most of the distributing networks in order to increase the… to increase the efficiency and to increase the sharing of renewables, so to decrease the CO2 emission of the economy.
11:28:330Michele De Carli: This is a map of the district in Clementine Europe, okay? You can see that there are many, the former is the Central Europe, okay?
11:44:730Michele De Carli: And that is because, as we have seen, okay, most of them, they are, okay, superheated, water, okay? Many, there are also in the northern,
11:57:790Michele De Carli: In the Scandin countries, okay, there are some in Spain, okay, and some in Italy, okay, but then we can see where there are
12:06:410Michele De Carli: Maybe, made for us.
12:08:950Michele De Carli: Okay, I want to mention, Paris is extremely interesting, okay, because…
12:14:980Michele De Carli: Paris, I don't know if I mentioned, okay, there is the so-called Paris Basin, okay? So, below Paris, there is water at 80 degrees C, more or less. So, in principle, you could hit Paris with this big basin, okay?
12:29:460Michele De Carli: With hot water, okay? But this is also what other cities are going to do, as we will see in a few minutes.
12:37:610Michele De Carli: John!
12:39:230Michele De Carli: This is the, the trend, okay, of the D3 hitting productions, so you can see that along the years, there is an increase, there has been an increase of these three heating networks, of more and more users.
12:57:600Michele De Carli: have been, connected to the distinction networks. You can see that still, okay, in 2020, most of the distant heating network was made by coal, okay?
13:15:610Michele De Carli: and natural gas, okay, you can see that renewables are slightly increasing, okay? And in the dot is representing the sharing of renewables, okay? So you can see that in 2020, the average in Europe, okay.
13:34:830Michele De Carli: I'm thinking about how many…
13:40:160Michele De Carli: Okay, I have to check if it's 0 or… okay, hold on.
13:43:630Michele De Carli: In ages. You can see that this is the sharing of renewable, okay, which is 8%, so the net zero scenario, okay, for the next years is to increase the sharing of renewable, okay, as I was mentioning.
13:59:650Michele De Carli: In Italy, okay, we have,
14:04:100Michele De Carli: This is the, state of the art, so this is, these are the,
14:12:360Michele De Carli: My torque's okay, you can see that in Naruto we have a few distilling. My torque's okay.
14:17:870Michele De Carli: the, the most, we have Perona and Licensa a small distilling networks in other filling mountain areas, okay, and also in other locations, not very small, okay? Now, what are… so how can you…
14:37:80Michele De Carli: How can you increase the efficiency of the system?
14:43:60Michele De Carli: Okay, so first of all, the idea is to work, with lower temperatures. So, by lowering the temperatures of the network, okay, could or will decrease the losses, okay, so which will make the
15:03:810Michele De Carli: It allows is smaller, but also by lowering the temperatures, it might be, feasible to introduce easily, okay.
15:14:810Michele De Carli: or in an easier way, the renewable sources, like solar thermal, ground and air source pumps, and industrial waste. Of course, if you work in this platform to spend.
15:32:120Michele De Carli: Everything can become more feasible from the real energy prosody.
15:38:190Michele De Carli: Another possibility is, So…
15:45:130Michele De Carli: reduce the number to integrate with renewables, okay?
15:48:760Michele De Carli: Also, even… By keeping the, sort of… even by keeping the temperatures high, okay, as you will see.
15:58:130Michele De Carli: In some examples.
16:00:70Michele De Carli: To integrate the seasonal thermal energy storage, okay, so in order to, let's say,
16:08:290Michele De Carli: store the rehabilizing, especially solar energy, right? When you have,
16:15:960Michele De Carli: More amount of solar energy to store.
16:19:540Michele De Carli: And to make a seasonal storage, okay?
16:23:170Michele De Carli: And of course, to monitor the substation and improve the system control, because this is also an important issue, okay? All right.
16:34:440Michele De Carli: So this is the situation today, okay? So, it is more or less, here you can see this is the…
16:44:600Michele De Carli: the… the Italians, the… condition, okay? So in Italy, we have, more or less, today, the DCL network.
16:57:10Michele De Carli: is, building, or is, is, eastern.
17:09:170Michele De Carli: is providing a decrease in the primary energy of 25%, okay, and a
17:18:690Michele De Carli: decrease of CO2 emission by 30%, okay, in line with the statistics that I have shown you before. Okay, so this is for Italy.
17:30:00Michele De Carli: Now, I want to show you, okay, some examples, okay, how you can provide… how you can improve the existing metrics. This is interesting, okay?
17:40:760Michele De Carli: So this is the Vicenza, okay? Vicenza, that is the Hileneck, which is mainly working.
17:48:960Michele De Carli: with… was me working with the generators, okay, and with boulders, okay? So,
17:56:700Michele De Carli: in, starting from the 90s, I told you that the boom in Italy started in the 90s, okay, in the 90s, so we're talking about, let's say.
18:06:360Michele De Carli: 30 years ago, okay? The, the D3 heating networks, which were proposed at that time, were working with the code generation and
18:18:330Michele De Carli: And,
18:19:740Michele De Carli: Bonus, okay? So, Vicenza has, and close to Vicenza, there is a former, well, okay, for, checking the hydrocarbons, okay? So, it's not…
18:38:00Michele De Carli: Well, okay, today any, I think. So, as Professor Gagara told you during the renewable energy
18:48:240Michele De Carli: technologies course, okay, there are several wells around the… I mean, especially in the eastern part of Italy, okay, which were done in order to check if there were
19:00:820Michele De Carli: Hydrocarbons, below the ground.
19:03:610Michele De Carli: And these waves have just, I mean, they have been just enclosed on the top, okay? So…
19:10:460Michele De Carli: Since they are quite deep, okay, there is hot water, and they, they, they, opened again this well, okay.
19:23:250Michele De Carli: And they are, on one side, feeding with this hot water distribution network, okay, and with the smaller data, so at a lower temperature, they have installed a heat pump, okay.
19:39:720Michele De Carli: For the, well.
19:43:00Michele De Carli: water, but also, okay, on the return of the distribution network. Sorry, of the, yes, of the cogeneration, okay, so that they can
19:52:420Michele De Carli: rate, okay, so they can have heat pumps on both the concentration and, and on the, geothermal well.
20:04:230Michele De Carli: So this is the, the current heat display mix, okay, and this is the…
20:12:650Michele De Carli: future heat supply. So you can see that, in this case, okay, the, the, the combined heat and, heating and,
20:24:390Michele De Carli: the cogeneration, okay, would cover 25%, 60% in the natural gas flowers, and 14%
20:35:190Michele De Carli: the, geotearman. In fact, now they will work, they will work with the Joteman, sorry, this was with Jotemba, this is with the…
20:47:930Michele De Carli: well, water, okay, so just with a heat exchanger. But they're trying to have a heat pump working on the waste heat of the concentration, blue one, and the Jotem one.
21:02:510Michele De Carli: Well, water, okay, so that you can see that they will increase the, renewable energy, okay, and in this case, they will reduce the use of
21:15:850Michele De Carli: natural gas to just 40% of the
21:22:00Michele De Carli: generated heat, okay? So this is an example of how you can, okay, increase the efficiency of coolant metrics, okay? So, you're talking about water from the ground is one
21:37:240Michele De Carli: Possibility, okay, but also to work with heat pumps, and working with the waste heat that you might have, okay, and to explode the waste heat by working with heat pumps.
21:53:940Michele De Carli: As for the seasonal storage, okay, these are the usual
22:03:240Michele De Carli: seasonal storage that are mostly used today, okay? So, you can have a hot water terminal in the store, okay? So, in this case, you have, like, a pond, okay, if you are making a big, tank, okay?
22:21:310Michele De Carli: And in this case, you can see, you insulate that, of course, and in that case, you can store the heating from sun, and then using wintertime, for instance, by working with the solar panel panels, okay?
22:38:900Michele De Carli: Or, for instance, if you have some waste heater that you want to recover, imagine that you have some waste heater, you can store the heater here, and then use it again back in waste, okay? Might be, I want to measure it, it might be
22:57:940Michele De Carli: direct use, or indirect use by using a HIPAA, okay? So, even though the temperature here is, I mean, can lower from one season to another, but you could use it as a source as a hip-up in the winter.
23:14:970Michele De Carli: Okay? Yes, please. What about my solution?
23:21:650Michele De Carli: Really, I have never worked with that.
23:24:880Michele De Carli: Well, they saw that there are a couple of plants meeting,
23:29:250Michele De Carli: Yeah, okay, I have to say that the battery same, okay, okay. What I know is that it depends which temperature you want to work with, okay? So, if you want to work, let's say, at these temperatures, I think it's okay, okay?
23:49:260Michele De Carli: If you want to work at higher temperatures, then you might have problems, because of the, of, especially for,
24:00:880Michele De Carli: And as far as I have heard, okay, so I'm not… I'm not,
24:06:330Michele De Carli: I didn't, I didn't look at this too much in detail, okay, but if you want to work at very high temperatures, so 200, 300 degrees C,
24:15:420Michele De Carli: Then you might have problems, because you might have some convections, and there might be some movement of the sand, which will destroy the pipes for killing the other.
24:26:960Michele De Carli: So, I think that for low temperature uses, like below 100 degrees C, it could be okay.
24:35:990Michele De Carli: In principle, it can work with me.
24:39:480Michele De Carli: But as far as I understood, or as I… as far as I have heard, not understood, because I didn't even think about that, okay, and not… not because, but…
24:50:60Michele De Carli: I didn't, I didn't face the problem. But, I mean, as far as I understood from, other people, okay, who are, like, expert and familiar with,
25:01:300Michele De Carli: With high temperatures and sand and so on, dealing with the sediment and so on, there is a problem, okay, in the
25:09:850Michele De Carli: external pipe steering.
25:12:980Michele De Carli: Nothing.
25:16:440Michele De Carli: relaparezer also, okay? So…
25:20:680Michele De Carli: But anyway, this is, okay, something similar. You can see, they are still… they are already using gravel and water, and so it's similar to water and sand. Of course, in this case, they use the water, which is a better medium, okay, than air, okay, because
25:39:820Michele De Carli: And another possibility is to use the board exchanger field, okay? This is a very cheap solution, as we see.
25:48:110Michele De Carli: has a storage library called Latin E. We can usually solve VCL.
25:52:970Michele De Carli: PCN, yeah, PCN, yes, but PCN is,
25:57:560Michele De Carli: small time framework storage. So instead of water, you can use PCR, because in that case, you shift the load from one moment to another, but in a short run. So here we talk about seasonal storage.
26:14:880Michele De Carli: So, usually, you just use water, or…
26:20:640Michele De Carli: So, for short, storage, yes, will be your procedure.
26:27:190Michele De Carli: What? Actually, Visa.
26:34:770Michele De Carli: And, or the aquifer, okay, in this case, you have to think about that you will lower the tantum, too.
26:44:870Michele De Carli: This is the, the… the…
26:49:530Michele De Carli: The cost, okay, here you can see this is the pound of the top CD4, that's already made.
26:55:610Michele De Carli: Okay, so you can see the… the pit, so-called, okay? So, the PIT tests are the blue ones, okay, so you can see that you can have, you can, you can have,
27:15:50Michele De Carli: the biggest, the, of course, the lower per cubic meter, the cost, okay? So this is today a quite a cheap solution, okay? But you can see, also, the aquifer, or also the ground, can be a horizontal solution, okay?
27:32:990Michele De Carli: I would say that usually the grounded heat exchangers or the aquifer are even cheaper than this solution here, okay? So…
27:44:230Michele De Carli: This is a possibility, okay?
27:49:830Michele De Carli: I think, it's enough? Okay, so tomorrow we meet then?
27:55:830Michele De Carli: At, we can maybe anticipate at 12, the lecture.
28:01:580Michele De Carli: Abay, man.
28:05:730Michele De Carli: Let me check.
28:12:540Michele De Carli: Okay, we can anticipate at 12.15, if you want, for the lecture, okay, so…
28:19:610Michele De Carli: Okay, and we meet the investment room, okay, so that we can have easy access to you.
28:25:910Michele De Carli: The laboratory, okay?
28:28:790Michele De Carli: And we can, and we can have the last drink.
28:34:40Michele De Carli: for you as a student of the fame, Okay!
28:38:50Michele De Carli: See you tomorrow!
28:44:600Michele De Carli: semprevidos. Okay.