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00:00:700Michele De Carli: Interesting.
00:11:590Michele De Carli: Alright!
00:13:640Michele De Carli: Beautiful. I… restart.
00:17:230Michele De Carli: So, we were… So… There is something wrong, sorry, just a minute.
00:27:160Michele De Carli: But… missing the…
00:32:520Michele De Carli: So, we were talking about how to change our drive, okay, the, the, the thermal out system of the hydron system. We have
00:44:720Michele De Carli: We are going to see the influence of the, temperature, if we… if we have,
00:59:420Michele De Carli: If we have variation of temperature, and we keep the flow rate constant, we are going to see if we keep the flow rate variable… sorry, if we keep the temperature constant, and we vary
01:11:100Michele De Carli: the, prorate, and then we are going to see the mix of them, okay? As I was showing you, we have seen, basically this.
01:24:220Michele De Carli: kind of system.
01:28:210Michele De Carli: Dennis?
01:29:610Michele De Carli: And, as we have seen, okay, by,
01:35:970Michele De Carli: by change… and we have introduced… what? We have introduced, on one hand, the ratio between the master rate, the, let's say, the detected mass flow rate from the primary sequence, which is variable speed, but variable flow rate…
01:53:830Michele De Carli: By changing the M dot V that we are taking from the
01:59:250Michele De Carli: The primary circuit, and by bypassing the, let's say, equivalent flow rate, which is remaining, then we can keep the flow rate constant, and we can change the temperature supply.
02:11:800Michele De Carli: So, the temperature supplies is actually a function of the fluorate that we take from the primary, from the primary silk.
02:25:510Michele De Carli: So, we can, can, we can define the ratio between the actual master array that we keep, we take from the primary circuit.
02:38:760Michele De Carli: With respect, to the…
02:42:450Michele De Carli: design macro rate. Of course, in the design case, we will have the maximum flow rate, and we are going to take 100% of flow rate from the primary signal. If the load is changing, then we are going to… if the load is changing, so this is the load factor, okay?
03:10:580Michele De Carli: the load factor, because it's the actual load divided by the design peak load, okay? And according to the flow rate that we are… the actual flow rate that we take as the ratio between this and the nominal fluorate, design 4 rate, then
03:29:330Michele De Carli: We have a pattern of the, of the, of the…
03:36:30Michele De Carli: perma output, okay, which is, something like this, okay? So we have that, that by changing the temperature, or by changing the master rate.
03:48:240Michele De Carli: In the…
03:50:520Michele De Carli: In the heat exchanger, entering the heat exchanger, okay, we have a change in the, thermal output, okay, percentage of the design.
04:05:280Michele De Carli: load, okay, which is something similar to this. So this is the pattern, let's say, of our thermal output, okay, at partial load, at partial load factor, depending on the… if we consider a variable temperature.
04:22:640Michele De Carli: Similarly to this, I mean, this is also what we can get, basically, if we change the, let's say, the configuration, okay, we will have always, okay, then in this case, we will have something similar, okay?
04:37:950Michele De Carli: And as we have seen, if we have two wave valves, okay, also in this case, what we will do, we will keep the temperature fixed, okay? So in this case, this is case 2, okay, while this… the other two are case 1, okay?
04:54:930Michele De Carli: In case 2, we will assume that even though we are considering a variable flow rate in the heat exchanger, okay, from the water side.
05:06:200Michele De Carli: We can consider, we can assume to have, still to use the epsilon and U approach, okay.
05:14:890Michele De Carli: And in this case, also, okay, according to the ratio, to the flow rate that we are having, the ratio between the flow rate that we have, the actual flow rate.
05:29:480Michele De Carli: to the desired flow rate, okay, the load factor will act like this. What does this curve mean?
05:39:160Michele De Carli: This curve, as I was telling you at the end of the last lecture, okay, this curve is representing the variation of the
05:49:710Michele De Carli: terminology put according to the mass formula that we have, that we are, super thing. Okay,
05:57:370Michele De Carli: Or the fraction marked with respect to the design problem.
06:01:610Michele De Carli: In this case, okay, what does it mean? Well, let's consider that this is the typical pattern of our terminal output, okay? In this case, we can say that if we change, if we have the mass flow rate in the heat exchanger, okay.
06:21:440Michele De Carli: We can see that the variation of the thermal output will be… will be, of about, slightly more than 10%.
06:32:720Michele De Carli: reduction. So, we will have a thermal output, which will be, 90… 90% of our, let's say,
06:41:870Michele De Carli: of the design… of the design condition. So imagine, because now we are going out into this new base, okay? Imagine that you have a wave, okay, which is modulated, you know, hey, we are seeing how a two-way wave is, okay?
06:58:60Michele De Carli: So you have the plug, okay, it's going, is moving, okay? So you have a certain space that the plug can, can, can cover, okay?
07:08:920Michele De Carli: And,
07:11:300Michele De Carli: In this case, okay, once you are able to provide half of the design flow rate, you are just able to reduce the thermal output by 10%, okay?
07:26:160Michele De Carli: And if you want to have a 30% reduction in the thermal load, okay, then you have to, let's say, reduce by 70% the flow rate, okay?
07:39:590Michele De Carli: And of course, you can imagine that, of course, that in the… when you want to control
07:48:680Michele De Carli: The flow rate, okay.
07:51:330Michele De Carli: You are… you have a very narrow… you have a very small range, okay, of flow rate to control 70% of your
08:00:900Michele De Carli: design loaded, okay?
08:06:500Michele De Carli: And also, remember, these systems are designed for desired conditions, okay, which usually rarely occur in between systems, okay?
08:18:540Michele De Carli: In cooling season, there might be a little bit more,
08:22:710Michele De Carli: load factor, but let's say that in the heating season, you are always, let's say, below 80-70% of the design load, okay?
08:33:419Michele De Carli: So, alright, and so this is, how to read this graph.
08:39:710Michele De Carli: So, we can say that this can be done for… if we want to vary the… either the temperature and the muscle rate. Here, in this chart, okay, we are going to see what happens in every return. Okay, so we can see there are curves A and B, okay, so these are two
08:58:870Michele De Carli: Regulators. We've been working with different,
09:03:440Michele De Carli: fluid temperatures, okay. So, according to the radiator Thermala put, okay, that we have seen how it is, how can be defined, okay, we have, let's say, let's consider the curve A.
09:20:990Michele De Carli: Okay, so curve A is the typical pattern of the thermal output of a radiator, where we have a constant supply temperature of 80 degrees C, okay, and return 60, okay?
09:43:930Michele De Carli: And in this case, we have another radiator working at 10 degrees flat. But let's… let's keep this, okay?
09:55:570Michele De Carli: So, let's consider case A. So, in case A, we have
09:59:230Michele De Carli: that we are changing the master rate, okay? So imagine that we have two wavelengths, okay, which is… which is supplying the mass flow rate, okay? So imagine that here you have two wave
10:14:470Michele De Carli: babe, okay?
10:19:610Michele De Carli: thermostatic wave, which, according to the temperature sensors that it is onboard, is adjusting the flow rate of the flowing into the radiator.
10:30:700Michele De Carli: So, if you work with constant temperature, okay, the flow rate, okay, can be adjusted, let's say, by, let's say.
10:41:90Michele De Carli: changing the flow rate. So, by decreasing the flow rate by 80% of the nominal flow rate, okay.
10:51:140Michele De Carli: You can see that you're able to, let's say, modulate, or to… yes, to modulate, or to go, down to, let's say, 50% of the load.
11:02:950Michele De Carli: Okay?
11:04:430Michele De Carli: But, as we have seen, okay, one possibility to have a self-control, a self-regulation, is to work with the supply temperature. So, by decreasing the supply temperature according to the outdoor temperature, okay?
11:21:290Michele De Carli: So, in this case, imagine that today, I mean, or in actual condition.
11:28:120Michele De Carli: The outer temperature is above the desired condition, okay?
11:33:760Michele De Carli: And according to the curve that you have selected, you are supplying water at
11:40:500Michele De Carli: 60 degrees, okay? So instead of 80, you have decreased by 20 degrees the supply temperature.
11:48:180Michele De Carli: And what do you have as an effort based on the, let's say, known
11:54:950Michele De Carli: Okay, equation, C, that are true to them, okay?
11:58:770Michele De Carli: If you decrease by 20 degrees the supply temperature, you can get a decrease of about 35% of
12:10:720Michele De Carli: 35%, okay, of the… Load factor, okay? Because…
12:18:440Michele De Carli: With… even if you go with the maximum flow rate, so even if you're not working on the mass flow rate, okay, here, okay, you have… you can get, okay, by
12:29:760Michele De Carli: My goal for this temperature at 60 degrees C, okay, you can decrease by 35% the thermal output of your radiator.
12:39:00Michele De Carli: Now, you will have a more and a less pronounced curve, okay? So, in this case, you buy, let's say.
12:50:160Michele De Carli: working both on the… on a reduced supply temperature and on the… on a reduced flow rate, okay? By reducing by 80% the flow rate, you are able… you will be able to, to have, okay, to… to,
13:09:290Michele De Carli: to get, or to go, let's say, below 35%, okay? So, of course, this, okay, this explains you how you can work, both on the temperature supply
13:26:410Michele De Carli: Or by changing the temperature supply.
13:29:400Michele De Carli: and also by buying, okay, the flow rate that you have inside there. Because, of course, if your temperature will be less, then your curve will be, okay, will be even below this one, okay? So, let's say that… but let's say, again.
13:48:270Michele De Carli: The pattern, okay, is done in this way, okay?
13:54:790Michele De Carli: All right, so, we have seen that, basically, if we work with, we can work with variable temperature, with variable fluid, or
14:07:160Michele De Carli: with a mix of variable current and variable temperature, okay? Of course, it depends on which kind of emission system you have, okay?
14:17:70Michele De Carli: Alright, so now we are going to see, now that we know how the initial system
14:24:620Michele De Carli: Words, so which is the, how they…
14:28:860Michele De Carli: thermal output of our… of our terminal unit, okay?
14:34:60Michele De Carli: is defined according to the master ratio.
14:38:180Michele De Carli: we are going to see how to, counter this mass flow ratio. Okay, so we have to, let's say, somehow decide which is the mass flow ratio that we need to supply to the mission system according to the
14:54:730Michele De Carli: Current, actual, to the actual, the amount.
14:59:550Michele De Carli: So, what we are going to see is…
15:01:850Michele De Carli: how the valves work, and how we can define the operation of the waves, okay? And here we are going to split the problem into two types of valves, because we have two types of problems, okay? One is the regulation wave, okay, which is
15:20:410Michele De Carli: The… which are the… this hydronic subsystem, the waves, that are used to, modulate, to, let's say, to control the thermal output and the flow rate, okay, or the temperature and flow rate, okay, let's say the thermal output.
15:37:950Michele De Carli: At partial nodes, okay?
15:40:850Michele De Carli: And, on the other side, as we will see.
15:47:280Michele De Carli: When we introduce a regulation wave, okay, a controlled wave, okay, then… When the bed is,
16:01:300Michele De Carli: Opening or closing, Secrets, okay?
16:07:860Michele De Carli: There will be a pressure, there will be a change in pressure, okay, of the system.
16:15:820Michele De Carli: And, we might have some, problems in the pressures that, the, the regulation weighs is,
16:29:00Michele De Carli: Is, causing, okay, in the loop, in the dynamic system.
16:35:740Michele De Carli: So we might need to balance this pressure,
16:41:90Michele De Carli: validations, okay? And for doing that, we work with the balance… the balancing valves, which are used, okay, to adjust the pressure and flow rate, okay, across the… the… the valves, okay?
16:57:850Michele De Carli: And they can, as we see, there are two types of this parasymaves, okay, and they can work to fix a maximum supply, flow rate, okay?
17:14:339Michele De Carli: And, and or to, let's say, modulate and to, adjust the partial pressure, okay?
17:22:109Michele De Carli: So, we are going to see first the information case, okay, because then we… we understand how to
17:30:50Michele De Carli: How to regulate, how to control the thermal output of our insure system.
17:35:850Michele De Carli: We will see, then, what does the master rate change mean in terms of pump.
17:43:50Michele De Carli: energy, okay? And then we are going to see the balancing of the things, okay?
17:48:670Michele De Carli: So…
17:49:990Michele De Carli: Let's start with the regulation veil, okay? What do we have in a regulation in a veil? A veil is basically made by a plug, okay, which is, which has a certain position, okay?
18:07:160Michele De Carli: And depending on the position, okay, so we have… Usually, we have in work.
18:16:40Michele De Carli: So… There is a possibility to work on,
18:20:920Michele De Carli: on a certain range of position for the wave, okay, for the aggra, okay?
18:27:880Michele De Carli: imagine that you have a plug, here you have one section of the veil, okay, and here, so it's say section, but in section 2, okay? So, we have seen, okay, that
18:41:590Michele De Carli: If we… if we change the position of this plug, okay, there will be more or less, okay, flow rate from section 1 to section 2.
18:53:480Michele De Carli: Okay?
18:54:750Michele De Carli: So, in this position, we will have… the day will be closed.
19:00:880Michele De Carli: And in this position, it will be affiliate.
19:05:640Michele De Carli: Okay, so in close condition, then…
19:08:870Michele De Carli: 0% of mass flow rate in full… in full rotation, we would have 100% of the flow rate, okay?
19:19:210Michele De Carli: And, of course, What is the position?
19:23:660Michele De Carli: the position, in this case, will be this one, X. So, this will be X0, okay? X0 will be the position where the
19:34:770Michele De Carli: Or zero, let's it.
19:37:140Michele De Carli: Okay?
19:38:690Michele De Carli: So, position 0 means the position, okay? So, the space
19:45:280Michele De Carli: Which have not been covered by the plugin, okay? So, in this case, the individuals.
19:52:100Michele De Carli: the maximum position that the veil would get is X1, okay? So,
20:01:980Michele De Carli: And then we can write the ratio between X and X4. So, which is the relative position of the project, okay? So, if it's 0,
20:13:50Michele De Carli: then… if X… Let's see.
20:18:930Michele De Carli: Effects is zeal.
20:22:830Michele De Carli: Then, they must relate.
20:25:500Michele De Carli: You can see Did you get a tower?
20:30:910Michele De Carli: If X would be 1, it's on X1, then
20:42:760Michele De Carli: De maximo.
20:47:700Michele De Carli: Birth.
20:49:160Michele De Carli: Day?
20:50:270Michele De Carli: So, fully closed, fully open, okay? So, we go. France.
21:03:870Michele De Carli: People from 0 to 1.0. X, right?
21:08:650Michele De Carli: Okay, X divided by the X1 is the
21:13:190Michele De Carli: Traction, okay, is the fraction, or let's say the relative position of the plug in the valve body, okay?
21:26:610Michele De Carli: Okay.
21:28:70Michele De Carli: All right.
21:29:310Michele De Carli: Okay?
21:30:440Michele De Carli: Now, for the days.
21:35:190Michele De Carli: we need to define, okay, because, I mean, as we have seen for the pipes, okay.
21:43:110Michele De Carli: the pipes are, okay, available for certain dimensions, okay, for certain diameters, okay, according to the pipes that we have. So, also in this case, for the waves, the waves are available for some nominal
22:01:510Michele De Carli: chlorides, okay? So you can select. Are they working in a certain range, or in another, or in another, okay?
22:10:660Michele De Carli: So, how can you define the fluorate? The fluorate is called a canine.
22:18:80Michele De Carli: IFA.
22:19:50Michele De Carli: is KV is the nominal. Sorry, it's not in asteroid, it's the minimum.
22:25:340Michele De Carli: We are talking about water soap, okay? I don't mean… it's the… it's the romantic fruit, so…
22:31:160Michele De Carli: So, KV is the vernacular flow rate in well-defined conditions, okay? So, KV is, the value that the manufacturer of the veil
22:43:910Michele De Carli: Has to declare in Fix.
22:47:640Michele De Carli: defined by the conviction, okay? And, of course, why? Because in this case, I can… I can go there one way to another, okay? Because if I know that
22:57:710Michele De Carli: KV is defined under certain conditions, okay?
23:01:770Michele De Carli: Then, I, you know, I can, I can, I can choose one way from producer A to one way, which is made by producer B, okay?
23:14:160Michele De Carli: because it's cheaper, because it makes many… any less problems, maybe because I have a better service if I have some failures due to spontaneous, okay? So, there are several issues, okay?
23:29:70Michele De Carli: So how is this, KV defined? Okay, so the manufacturer has to declare the nominal, the flow rate, okay, the, the flow, rate factor, okay, KV in cubic meters per hour, okay.
23:47:940Michele De Carli: Across the bed, in the range between 5 and 30 BBC,
23:55:970Michele De Carli: under the constant pressure difference of 1 pi, okay? So…
24:03:770Michele De Carli: the manufacturer has to declare what? The nominal flow rate that we have in open conditions. So I know that this in open conditions, under the delta P of 1 Baha, okay?
24:20:10Michele De Carli: The, so when the baby is fully open, in the range of 5 to 30 degrees, see, the floor, it would be the nominal flow, okay? And this is KD1, okay?
24:33:980Michele De Carli: KB1 is the flow rate, which the… which we have in open position, okay? So the maximum flow rate that we have across the veil.
24:50:290Michele De Carli: when the… position of the is fully open, so in X1 has position.
24:59:890Michele De Carli: Okay,
25:03:330Michele De Carli: So, how can we, what can we have as… let's see, which is the type, or which are the types of bays that we have? Well, there are different types of bays, okay? Let's start with this one, okay?
25:18:980Michele De Carli: we could have linear, linear waves, okay? What are these linear waves? Well, these linear waves, basically, we have a linear relationship between the position of the
25:33:90Michele De Carli: of the… Plug, okay? With respect to the, flow, Ratio, pro-factor ratio, okay?
25:44:430Michele De Carli: Yes, and, of course, we can have this kind of inner system.
25:55:400Michele De Carli: We might need, or we might use, also, some, let's say, so-called quick open, veils, okay?
26:08:50Michele De Carli: And these kind of ways, okay, they are, used to, let's say, have, I mean, they might be used, we receive what kind of,
26:18:730Michele De Carli: that we have, okay. So which starts with one or the other, okay. But let's say that in this kind of, of,
26:27:70Michele De Carli: A wave, okay, I would like to have a rapid, a quick increase of flow rate, okay, by just, okay, having a small, distance covered by the truck.
26:41:750Michele De Carli: Okay? So in this case, you can see that if you… if you make a…
26:49:580Michele De Carli: A movement of 20% on the label.
26:54:210Michele De Carli: of the… of the row length of the wave, okay, you can get more than 70% of the nominal truth, okay?
27:04:930Michele De Carli: Or, as you can see, we can have this kind of waves, where instead we want to have a pattern, an exponential pattern, opposite to the quick opening wave, okay?
27:21:340Michele De Carli: And in this case, okay, we will see what these are means, okay? Let's just look at how they…
27:29:850Michele De Carli: R.
27:30:870Michele De Carli: Basically, the opening of this rail, okay, will make a small change in the, in the prorated ratio, okay?
27:44:430Michele De Carli: So it means that if we open, for instance, this by 50%, so it means that we are… we have covered 50% of the available space, okay?
27:55:450Michele De Carli: Love the truck?
27:56:590Michele De Carli: We are… we have just 20% of the nominal flow rate, okay?
28:02:410Michele De Carli: And the longer the distance that the plug covers, okay, the time will be the fluid, but let's say that in this case, we are able to modulate the fluid.
28:16:860Michele De Carli: Especially, okay, in a wide range, okay, so we have a low factor prorate, okay? In a very wide range, let's say, from 0 to 60, 70% of the
28:32:210Michele De Carli: On the distance covered by it.
28:34:870Michele De Carli: Okay?
28:36:440Michele De Carli: What is important to understand is that we have here, okay.
28:41:80Michele De Carli: A KD0, okay, sorry, this is KD0, I don't know why it's… Okay?
28:48:710Michele De Carli: So you can see that,
28:52:640Michele De Carli: Below a certain value, okay, of the…
28:57:40Michele De Carli: Of the position of the plug.
28:59:890Michele De Carli: you're not able to, okay, control the position on the deck, okay? So, there is a huge pressure drop between the two sections, so that the will close, okay? So, there is a gap, let's say, here, okay, between the
29:17:940Michele De Carli: close and start opening position. And this gap is represented by this minimum flow rate that you're able to, to allow to get into the debt. And this nominal flow rate is called K
29:32:520Michele De Carli: 0. Okay, so KD1 is the maximum nominal flow rate. KD0 is the minimal flow rate that you're able to, to, have across the wave. Of course.
29:48:00Michele De Carli: Again, the same.
29:51:120Michele De Carli: Defined conditions, okay, very well-defined conditions on one bar as delta.
29:58:110Michele De Carli: Okay, this solution, okay, which is called, so, then, what we are interested in is to correlate the
30:11:220Michele De Carli: relative position of our plug, okay, with, and the, flow, flow rate direction, okay? And, yes, we have these three types of, solution, of, let's say, let's say, pattern, okay, typical pattern for the waves.
30:31:130Michele De Carli: How are these ways made? Well, let's start with this one, because I think it's quite… it's quite… it's quite easy to understand.
30:39:240Michele De Carli: If you have a…
30:41:770Michele De Carli: constant cross-sectional area, okay? So imagine that this is… this is, okay, a fixed… so the… the shape of the, of the veil is, constant, okay? So you can see that by
31:00:90Michele De Carli: by increasing, so here, the X0 will be here, okay, then X is…
31:08:320Michele De Carli: this direction, okay? So, the more you open, so the greater the X, the greater will be the section area, okay? And of course, by having the same pressure drop of one bar, okay, in what, section 1 and section 2, so here, here, okay.
31:26:570Michele De Carli: the flow rate will be constant, okay, or will be linearly dependent on the position of the plug, okay? So this is the plug, the plug is
31:38:70Michele De Carli: And this is the stem, okay, so the strand is moving, and also the plug consistently, okay, of course. And, by, by, by…
31:49:130Michele De Carli: by increasing X, the cross-sectional area will increase, and of course, the flow rate will change in a linear way, because the…
32:02:940Michele De Carli: If we keep the same pressure drop here and here, okay, if we had a linear increase of the
32:13:920Michele De Carli: a cross-sectional area, we will have also a linear increase of the mass flow rate. So, the linear…
32:20:670Michele De Carli: the linear wave, okay, is unlike this, okay? This, of course, is a cylindrical body, okay? You can see this cylindrical body, this is a cylindrical hole, okay? And, of course, here we have the water is flowing from here to here, vice versa, vessel, okay?
32:38:440Michele De Carli: All right.
32:43:740Michele De Carli: Is it okay?
32:46:350Michele De Carli: Inside, okay, here, you can see the actual percentage,
32:53:720Michele De Carli: shape of the wave. So you can see that the wave has a
32:59:330Michele De Carli: It's a cross-sectional area, okay, which is very small, okay?
33:05:200Michele De Carli: And at the beginning, okay, so once the use is rising, okay,
33:15:660Michele De Carli: And you can see that by… by keeping this whole this, area, okay.
33:23:20Michele De Carli: By increasing X, the air will
33:26:340Michele De Carli: Change in a, in a… With an exponential shape, okay?
33:34:620Michele De Carli: But with very small changes from one
33:39:370Michele De Carli: from one X to another, okay? So, in this case, we are able, since the cross-sectional area is, changing.
33:51:150Michele De Carli: in a very slow way, okay, then the mass flow rate, sorry, the volumet flow rate, sorry, but I mean, it's okay, the flow rate will change in…
34:02:840Michele De Carli: A very, let's say, small, with a small, increase, okay.
34:12:469Michele De Carli: Depending on the shape of this, of this cross-sectional area. And of course, the… the… the smaller the area at the beginning, okay, the greater
34:26:239Michele De Carli: Sorry, the smaller will be the flow rate change, so R50 means that the shape of this field will be even
34:36:719Michele De Carli: as more, okay? So…
34:43:00Michele De Carli: If you compare this with this, okay?
34:46:320Michele De Carli: If you have a… a stricter section?
34:56:330Michele De Carli: If you have a smaller section, so if the curves are more pronounced, okay, so they are closer, the cross-sectional area at the beginning is smaller, so that the muscular rate will be smaller, so this is R50,
35:17:220Michele De Carli: And this will be RT50. So, R30 DR50, okay, is the…
35:22:540Michele De Carli: ratio factor, okay, which is representing, okay, the shape of this wave. Of course, what you can see is also that by changing the curve of this
35:36:360Michele De Carli: shape of the, let's say, of the, of the hole in the, in the valve, okay, in the, in the plagiar.
35:46:600Michele De Carli: you can see that you will have also two different KV0, okay? So, you will have two different minimum fluorids. So, the greater the… or the narrow the two exponential, surfaces.
36:01:680Michele De Carli: The smaller will be also the minimum for rate that you're able to modulate, okay?
36:08:910Michele De Carli: This is called rangeability, okay?
36:12:620Michele De Carli: So, rangeability, okay, is how the shape of this curve is made, okay? The greater the rangeability, the smaller will be the gap at the beginning of the opening position of the DF, okay?
36:28:180Michele De Carli: So, more pronounced would be this, okay?
36:35:690Michele De Carli: Okay.
36:39:180Michele De Carli: So, what is important to understand, anyway, is that we have
36:44:480Michele De Carli: The position of this… the relative position of the stem, of the plugger, okay?
36:52:850Michele De Carli: Between the certain value and the maximum, so the minimum and the maximum.
36:58:50Michele De Carli: So, from close to open, okay? And we have a relative change in the flow rate in across the wave.
37:08:960Michele De Carli: Why is it important? Because then the control parameter will be the position.
37:14:830Michele De Carli: This is what we are able to control, okay?
37:19:270Michele De Carli: We are able to control and to fix the position of the vehicle.
37:24:450Michele De Carli: Okay? And this is our control parameter, and if we are able to fix the position parameter, and we know how… we know that based on the wave that we are selecting.
37:38:340Michele De Carli: This position, okay, will generate a certain
37:42:600Michele De Carli: prorated show. And if we couple this curve
37:48:60Michele De Carli: with the mission curve that we have seen before, okay, which is this one here, Okay.
37:56:470Michele De Carli: Then.
37:57:570Michele De Carli: We will get as, let's say, a comprehensive relationship, an almost linear relationship between the position, the relative position of our wave.
38:14:580Michele De Carli: And the emission factor of our… of our, hydraulic…
38:21:120Michele De Carli: Let me show you it, okay? Why? You can see that here. We… considered the… Equal percentage range, okay.
38:31:10Michele De Carli: We can consider here, for instance, 50%, okay? With this 50%, we know that we are able to provide
38:40:860Michele De Carli: Yeah, see, more or less 20% of the… of the, growth rate ratio, okay? So you can see here, this is the position, okay?
38:55:560Michele De Carli: We go here, because here we have the
39:00:240Michele De Carli: The emission system is the load factor.
39:04:50Michele De Carli: This is the node factor.
39:06:190Michele De Carli: Okay?
39:08:750Michele De Carli: Right? Do you remember? We have seen
39:11:960Michele De Carli: Last time, that the load factor
39:17:340Michele De Carli: has this kind of pattern according to the relative mass flow rate. The relative mastral rate is actually
39:26:900Michele De Carli: duration between KV and KV1, okay? So, I have a certain wave, okay, which is selected according to the mass flow rate that we need to have into the
39:42:430Michele De Carli: emission system. Okay, so when I size the emission system, I size the emission system for the nominal power, and also the…
39:54:170Michele De Carli: They connect it must flow rate, so we have water inside of the system.
39:59:130Michele De Carli: So, we will select a suitable valve, able to modulate the flow rate.
40:06:90Michele De Carli: which is running in this… in this… in this initial system, okay? So we are able to modulate the… so the flow rate.
40:15:470Michele De Carli: according to the relative position, so by fixing the relative position, I know that by adding an equal percentage wave, I'm able to have more or less the same
40:28:440Michele De Carli: emission output for our system, so the load factor. So, in this case, this is, let's say, this… you can reconstruct, again, the curve, as you can do here, and then at the end, the resulting… the resulting
40:43:680Michele De Carli: Curve?
40:45:630Michele De Carli: Okay? Within the relative position of our wave, okay, Which I can control, okay?
40:54:340Michele De Carli: and the load factor. We will have not really a 100% linear condition, so the curve will be in a bit…
41:05:150Michele De Carli: not really linear, but I say that we are pretty close to the linear.
41:10:180Michele De Carli: to the linear, let's say, trend. So, in this case, if we found
41:16:900Michele De Carli: or if we select a suitable, or for the, for the design flow rate, we, we, we, we, we select the veil with KD1, K, which is, which is…
41:31:670Michele De Carli: okay, for an hour.
41:36:260Michele De Carli: For the mass… for the flow rate that we have in the… in the… in the emission system, okay?
41:42:390Michele De Carli: Then, we are pretty sure that we can get almost a linear.
41:47:640Michele De Carli: a linear variation of the… so we are able to control, by controlling the relative position of our wave, of our effort percentage wave, we are able to modulate in a linear way the emission output of our system.
42:03:870Michele De Carli: Okay?
42:05:530Michele De Carli: Clear?
42:07:390Michele De Carli: More or less. Okay.
42:10:380Michele De Carli: I know it's not that… easy, okay? But, I mean…
42:15:60Michele De Carli: if you study 4 to 10 times, maybe you will understand it, okay? I'm joking, but I'm not really joking, okay? So I know that it is a little bit complicated, but let's see. So let's say that by combining the initial curve with the
42:32:160Michele De Carli: With the, with the intrinsic characteristics of the waves, equal percentage rate, okay, we are able to, let's say, somehow linearize the problem and to have a linear emission with respect to the control, to the control,
42:50:870Michele De Carli: Okay?
42:52:560Michele De Carli: All right, so let's have a look at the regulation veins, okay? So, where we usually use the veins, okay? So.
43:02:730Michele De Carli: What is, a…
43:07:450Michele De Carli: For instance, quick opening control lace, okay? It's a wave that we need to… where we don't need, really, to moderate the flow, okay, but we might need the on-off system, okay? And in this case, we can…
43:26:20Michele De Carli: We can use them, okay, for large furlids, okay? Like, safety circuits, okay? Or even, could be also manual opening and closing,
43:40:870Michele De Carli: valves, okay, for instance, okay, you might have a clean valves here, okay, in order that you get it close, in order to make some antenna, for instance, okay, without discharging the water of the whole circuit, okay?
43:58:560Michele De Carli: Inner cultural flows, they are usually
44:01:630Michele De Carli: They're not very mature, but, I mean, if, if you need to, control the flow or liquid level, but usually they're not…
44:12:220Michele De Carli: But there might be some uses, okay, but it's not relevant to you. And, of course, the corporate switch controls are the ones that are used, okay, especially for controlling the thermal output of the system, okay, which is
44:26:280Michele De Carli: Actually, what we are going to see, particularly.
44:29:420Michele De Carli: Here you can see some kind of,
44:32:380Michele De Carli: Of these surveys, okay? You can see that, these are…
44:39:130Michele De Carli: We start from one, okay? Veins, you can see ball valves. In this case, you have a bowl, which is… which has a hole inside, okay? It's the usual way that you use also for gardening, okay? In this case, you open and close, okay?
44:57:330Michele De Carli: in a very quick way, okay? It's a low cost, of course, because the team do. It is very interesting because it has low leakage and tight ceiling, okay, with low torque, so without,
45:12:230Michele De Carli: I think you are quite aware about that. Okay, and yes, of course, there are some limitations, okay? So, usually it's okay for manual, but not really much for
45:26:390Michele De Carli: I'm gonna use this, okay? If you want to have, to work with the better, let's say, veil, that is the gateway. The gateway is a kind of gate, so it's closing, blocking the section of the inner vertical wave, so it's acting on the vertical wave.
45:46:230Michele De Carli: And usually, you please.
45:48:450Michele De Carli: Okay, you can… Twist it, okay.
45:54:490Michele De Carli: And, yeah, it might be useful for salaries, okay, for…
45:58:940Michele De Carli: And also, very good for, in this case, for… pretty sure for the shutoff, okay? Usually, for the columns, okay, in the radiators, okay, for… for…
46:10:20Michele De Carli: centralized heating system. In the past, when you speech tank of gateways, okay, because they are very tight, and you're pretty good.
46:20:370Michele De Carli: Yes, the butterfly name, okay, don't remember if you, if you remember it, we have seen it picked that it was a conveyor, okay?
46:28:800Michele De Carli: The butterfly wave is similar to the butterfly wave that we have in the ventilation systems. Okay, in this case, of course, we are able to fully close the… so to get the…
46:43:560Michele De Carli: perpendicular section to the floor, okay, so that we can fully close the
46:50:780Michele De Carli: the section, okay? It's, very good, okay? It's, it's a good name, which can be used for modulation, okay? So, can be good in, for, let's say, also for, let's say, automatic, so working with several autos, okay?
47:14:500Michele De Carli: The globe veils, okay, these are, also very good. In this case, you are… you have a globe veil which is,
47:22:800Michele De Carli: Who achieves that growing up.
47:24:650Michele De Carli: In, let's say, in a medical way, okay? And this is, this is the best way in order, especially when you have high
47:34:360Michele De Carli: delta P, okay? And you can control the flow in a very precise way. Okay, so these are the different types of converted.
47:45:920Michele De Carli: Okay, something more about the rangeability. Rangibility is actually the ratio, I didn't mention that before, sorry. Rangibility is the ratio between the maximum and minimum prorates that you have, okay?
47:59:400Michele De Carli: But again, I, I, I, I already told you that in any way, sorry.
48:04:690Michele De Carli: the shape of the cross-sectional area, okay, is related to the K… is related to KV0, okay, and the ratio Kv1, divided by KV0 is the range of the… and the… the equation, okay, it's… I mean, it's an exponential equation, very…
48:24:460Michele De Carli: Very sadly.
48:27:740Michele De Carli: So the ratio between the change between KV and KZ1, okay, so the reduction of KV, is an exponential function where the base is the range-based value, and, the, the, the…
48:47:430Michele De Carli: And the exponential is X divided the X1 dimension, okay?
48:57:20Michele De Carli: Okay.
48:59:810Michele De Carli: Gear?
49:03:320Michele De Carli: Reading?
49:05:720Michele De Carli: Yeah, they should make agreement.
49:07:630Michele De Carli: Okay.
49:08:900Michele De Carli: That is, okay, what happens in, let's say, in, the, in the,
49:18:50Michele De Carli: In a… in a… in a vein. But!
49:21:480Michele De Carli: Doctor?
49:23:50Michele De Carli: Unfortunately.
49:25:420Michele De Carli: We need to take into account that the wave, is selected.
49:31:760Michele De Carli: for KB1 and KB0 and so on, okay? And these values are given for, well, standard condition, for one bad pressure difference. But this value will be placed, will be installed, in a circuit
49:48:680Michele De Carli: Okay? And the circuit will have a certain pressure drop, okay?
49:55:470Michele De Carli: According to the… Initial system, okay?
50:00:30Michele De Carli: We will add a fluorate, okay, which would be even different, okay, from
50:07:850Michele De Carli: the one that we have, I mean.
50:10:420Michele De Carli: It's not perfectly matching the wave.
50:13:540Michele De Carli: And also, we need to consider the, delta key of the C, okay?
50:21:640Michele De Carli: the ratio between the delta P that we have In open, condition, okay?
50:33:790Michele De Carli: And the delta P that we have in the circuit, okay, is the so-called
50:41:50Michele De Carli: wave authority. Okay, so the wave authority, is the, is the…
50:48:630Michele De Carli: is the ratio between the delta PV that we have
50:53:770Michele De Carli: in open conditions for the wave, and the denominator, the delta T of our wave, and the one image.
51:07:60Michele De Carli: Okay, so we can, let's say, consider, let's say, 3 ranges, okay, so this
51:15:130Michele De Carli: This value, okay, can be closer, more or less, let's say, below Perth, between parliament.
51:24:880Michele De Carli: the authority A or alpha, let's say.
51:28:100Michele De Carli: We can have A for hours that between 15 and vertical center, okay?
51:35:720Michele De Carli: L… It can cause very above.
51:39:690Michele De Carli: Please be present.
51:41:250Michele De Carli: Both?
51:42:630Michele De Carli: I will try to explain it, because it's a little bit complicated. I mean, we could go deeper in detail, okay, but…
51:51:100Michele De Carli: I would like also to understand some other issues. So I would like you to, understand, more or less, how it works, okay? And,
52:00:700Michele De Carli: And give you the feedback, okay, or advise you, okay?
52:07:30Michele De Carli: Alright, so… We have to consider
52:13:120Michele De Carli: Okay, sorry, I didn't mention that. Okay, so what does this… which are these three rings, okay? We will see that data. I will try to explain you with an Excel, okay? So.
52:28:260Michele De Carli: You have to think about that, if you install a wave, the wave is, is,
52:43:570Michele De Carli: they…
52:44:920Michele De Carli: meaning of the wave, the reason why you install the wave, is to control the tunnel output of your system, okay? Of your immune system.
52:54:620Michele De Carli: But, you have to check which is the pressure drop that you have for your wave.
53:01:590Michele De Carli: With respect to the pressure clock at length, let's say, in the circuit, let's say, in the lesion system, okay?
53:09:820Michele De Carli: In this case, You can select a…
53:16:10Michele De Carli: a wave which has a greater or smaller delta P across the wave, okay?
53:24:680Michele De Carli: And in this case, of course, if you…
53:28:80Michele De Carli: if the delta P, so if the pressure drop that you have across the veil, according, or with respect to the overall pressure drop, V plus the
53:39:330Michele De Carli: Okay, because here you have…
53:40:990Michele De Carli: the entropy, so you have a pressure resistance, okay, you have a resistance, okay, in… for the VIN, and the resistance on this…
53:52:660Michele De Carli: Let's say, of the initial, okay?
54:00:410Michele De Carli: If you… Want to have this small.
54:04:680Michele De Carli: It will be good, because you will not spend too much energy for the pump.
54:09:890Michele De Carli: But, if you decrease this resistance, you might not be able to really control properly the emission system, okay? I will explain why.
54:23:120Michele De Carli: So, let's say that, according to the fact that you have… you're selecting, let's say.
54:30:380Michele De Carli: there, with a so-called authority, okay? So, if this is more than 30%, it means that the need is
54:41:30Michele De Carli: not surrounded across the grave. If you have a veil which has a notarity which is greater than 50%, okay, then the delta P, okay, of the veil will be consistent, okay?
54:59:870Michele De Carli: It depends also on the initial system that you have, depending if you have a high-pressure drop across the initial system.
55:08:170Michele De Carli: Okay? So, based on the Delta PC, or the absolute value PC,
55:15:280Michele De Carli: then you could select a delta PD, which is Printer Cosmo, okay? But anyway, let's say that, in general.
55:23:160Michele De Carli: A small alpha, okay, is…
55:28:100Michele De Carli: okay, if you have low densper P, so it's good for small pressure drops in your emission system, like, for instance, a radius system, okay?
55:41:490Michele De Carli: If you have a high-pressure drop in your initial system, then you should select a bale with an authority, so with a delta PV.
55:51:500Michele De Carli: Which is quite higher, because Then you might have problems in the balancing, okay?
55:59:390Michele De Carli: And if the data P is intermediate, you can work with, let's say, in between 30% and 50%.
56:08:630Michele De Carli: So, remember one very important issue, okay? So, the delta P that you have across your wave will be the ratio between
56:21:40Michele De Carli: They, prorated, okay, the square, the ratio of the prorates to the square, okay?
56:29:910Michele De Carli: So, if the flow rate that you have, okay, if you are… if you are selecting a flow factor KB in meter cubic… cubic meter per hour, okay, and you have a certain,
56:47:450Michele De Carli: emission system, okay, in liters per hour, okay, remember that the delta P that you have can be this, can be described by this equation here, okay?
57:00:770Michele De Carli: I will…
57:02:330Michele De Carli: go here directly and show you the example. Okay, so here you can see we have a flow rate, okay, in the circuit, so here, it's 1,500 meters per hour.
57:17:530Michele De Carli: And you have 3 available, 3 available, veins, okay, with a KV1. So this is the KVA, okay, the first name.
57:30:320Michele De Carli: You can see it's greater, it's larger, so…
57:33:800Michele De Carli: We… you have a nominal flow rate greater, so 18 kiloh infants per hour, okay?
57:41:270Michele De Carli: In the second wave, the second wave is a KV of, let's say, 1 third, okay, so it's 6 cubic pupils power, and the wave, see, is 3 cubic piters per hour, okay? So you can calculate the pressure drop.
57:59:880Michele De Carli: Yes, KD, okay.
58:02:00Michele De Carli: And you can define, you can calculate the delta P that you have, okay, according to the
58:09:760Michele De Carli: equation that we have seen is that right now.
58:14:230Michele De Carli: So, here.
58:16:330Michele De Carli: You have an overall, so you have a pressure drop of 6 kilopaccine, which is more or less,
58:26:610Michele De Carli: 6 kilopascal is, 600 millimeters of column, more or less, okay? So 0.6 millimeters of coal. Half far, let's see, okay? Alright, now…
58:40:840Michele De Carli: What happens? So, we… you can do the calculation, okay? I will try to do that, okay? I will try to make an example. I don't know, maybe I can upload the video, okay, it's okay, if I have time, but anyway, in order to show you the interest anyway.
58:58:600Michele De Carli: They… Greater the chlorate, okay, so if we go from I mean, baby A.
59:07:500Michele De Carli: KDV.
59:09:300Michele De Carli: MJ Sweet.
59:12:650Michele De Carli: So you have a greater KV,
59:15:300Michele De Carli: In here, so this will lead to an utility of about 0.1, okay, more or less.
59:23:20Michele De Carli: In KDB, you will have an authority of, let's say, 0.4, more or less, and with KDC, you will have an authority which is 0.5, okay? So you have…
59:37:990Michele De Carli: Range 1, Range 2, and Range 2.
59:41:780Michele De Carli: Okay?
59:43:530Michele De Carli: You could, in principle, calculate the… according to the
59:48:920Michele De Carli: to the, to the ratio KV divided by KV1, okay, you can… estimate… Okay, so… So, KD.
00:03:60Michele De Carli: Or let's say, according to the master ratio.
00:09:510Michele De Carli: Sorry. JE.
00:12:460Michele De Carli: Divided by 21, okay? And here, they prorated.
00:22:00Michele De Carli: Okay.
00:25:520Michele De Carli: One. One. Okay, so with the first type of… Of grave.
00:33:920Michele De Carli: Don't do that, right?
00:35:770Michele De Carli: So, with a small, value of a WT,
00:43:60Michele De Carli: Then… They… Flow ratio, the effective flow ratio that you have across the
00:51:260Michele De Carli: The… the initial system will be something like that.
00:55:960Michele De Carli: If you work with a very high authority, the
01:01:860Michele De Carli: You will have almost a linear pattern.
01:05:460Michele De Carli: And, if you work with an interview with them.
01:10:780Michele De Carli: you will have an almost cleaner pattern. What does it mean? Okay, so here, this is the real behavior, okay, of our vein.
01:22:60Michele De Carli: in a real circuit. Okay, so in this case, we are considering how the effort, so the authority, okay, is
01:31:40Michele De Carli: day. Real!
01:33:480Michele De Carli: Behavior of our wave into a real significant into our actual segment.
01:41:150Michele De Carli: Egg!
01:42:800Michele De Carli: Depending on the delta P that we have in the mission system.
01:47:640Michele De Carli: We will select a greater or smaller
01:52:800Michele De Carli: delta P across the wave, okay, which means an authority, okay, which is the ratio between the pressure drop that we have across the wave and the overall pressure loss daily past the circuit, okay?
02:12:580Michele De Carli: Why? Because in this case, okay, we want
02:18:680Michele De Carli: to have almost linear condition. Why? Because we have seen Pawiri, Pawil.
02:24:870Michele De Carli: go here.
02:29:310Michele De Carli: Because if we had a linear relationship between the ideal Chlorate. Andrea. Chlorate?
02:36:930Michele De Carli: Ben?
02:38:140Michele De Carli: We will meet much preti in these conditions, yes.
02:45:430Michele De Carli: No, you can calculate it. You can calculate it. I can upload the Excel file where you can see the calculation.
02:55:930Michele De Carli: based on this… based on these figures, okay, and on the equations, they are not very easy to handle, but I will try to do that. I mean.
03:04:470Michele De Carli: I can do that, okay, but I didn't finish the Excel file, okay? Based on this.
03:11:20Michele De Carli: Based on these values, okay, this is a case study, okay, this is an example.
03:16:340Michele De Carli: Okay, based on this case study, okay, you can see, that you can have, based on this, on essay.
03:26:40Michele De Carli: Based on these values, okay, you can have, okay, this, let's say, three patterns of The,
03:41:250Michele De Carli: of the flow rates, okay, that you can get, okay, so I can show you, really.
03:50:470Michele De Carli: Okay…
03:57:850Michele De Carli: Okay.
04:00:150Michele De Carli: Okay, no problem.
04:25:670Michele De Carli: Okay?
04:34:920Michele De Carli: No.
04:37:880Michele De Carli: So… Here?
04:42:740Michele De Carli: Okay, this is the ratio.
04:47:910Michele De Carli: So this is the… the change in what you can see here, okay, is that basically you can have
04:55:30Michele De Carli: You can have a… I just calculated at partial points, okay, 175, 15, 25, okay? It's a tricky calculation, but it's not impossible, okay?
05:06:540Michele De Carli: So this is, the, the, the, let's say the, the combination, okay, or let's say the…
05:14:610Michele De Carli: link between the, the expected ratio, okay?
05:20:70Michele De Carli: and the realistic pressure that you have in the emission system, okay? Of course, the closer you get here, okay, the closer your control
05:31:980Michele De Carli: will be to… what you assume in theory, okay? So, the authority.
05:38:720Michele De Carli: Okay, is, let's say, the selection of the authority handled.
05:46:100Michele De Carli: Has to be done according to the
05:49:150Michele De Carli: circuit that you are. You have in reality, depending on the delta P that you have, okay, you will select a greater or smaller alternative. If you have a small partial drop.
06:03:40Michele De Carli: Okay, in the circuit, then you can go into this small dilution of alpha. If you have a greater pressure difference, then you should work with high
06:14:930Michele De Carli: authority is. What is the problem? That, of course, as you can understand.
06:21:70Michele De Carli: That if you are increasing the authority, you are increasing also the pressure drop, and that means that your pump will
06:30:120Michele De Carli: need more electric power in the engine at the end, okay? So it is…
06:37:340Michele De Carli: tricky, okay? So it is, let's say, a compromise between how to control, how to modulate, how to control the thermal output of your system, and on the other side, how to increase, not dramatically, the bumps.
06:55:20Michele De Carli: power.
06:56:80Michele De Carli: advantage, okay?
06:58:350Michele De Carli: Okay, Intero Panigiona.
07:01:40Michele De Carli: And I will also try to grow again.
07:04:290Michele De Carli: to death.
07:06:370Michele De Carli: I hope it works. Yes, it works.
07:10:250Michele De Carli: I'm deleted.
07:12:150Michele De Carli: Circles… And…
07:26:210Michele De Carli: Okay.
07:35:340Michele De Carli: I don't know when I am.
07:38:670Michele De Carli: Okay.
07:39:760Michele De Carli: Is it okay?
07:41:70Michele De Carli: So, let's say that their authority, okay, is, I mean, you should… you have to check the…
07:53:710Michele De Carli: the, control field, okay, according to the, let's see,
08:03:00Michele De Carli: To the actual secret, because the authority of the wave, okay, is, has to be, let's say.
08:10:610Michele De Carli: Tuned according to the secret that you need to model it, okay?
08:16:899Michele De Carli: Okay, and… Yeah, okay, these are the two whales, okay, which can be…
08:25:569Michele De Carli: We have seen, okay? So, yeah, okay.
08:30:790Michele De Carli: I can go. We have seen already the… and this is the three-way waves, okay? We have seen how they work, more or less. Remember, you have two types of three-way waves, okay? You can have the so-called globe waves, okay, where the…
08:49:880Michele De Carli: where the, the, the, the, the plug is, is, working in one direction, okay? So the stem is, is, let's say, working in,
09:02:850Michele De Carli: 1D, okay, and the sector waves, they are instead, okay, they rotate, okay? These are, waves that are rotating, okay, and making 3-way waves, okay? The two-way waves, they are, as they will see.
09:19:140Michele De Carli: What is the difference? Usually, this is a more complex solution, but the… you can have some…
09:29:250Michele De Carli: you can have some… I mean, the closing position, okay, you have a better closing condition in the glove layers, okay? So, in this case, you're almost assured that you have no, no…
09:45:529Michele De Carli: Passing water from one side to another, in case of, closed
09:53:279Michele De Carli: The very close, okay. In this case, you might have some infiltration of water from one.
10:00:350Michele De Carli: to another, to one such section to another, in case even it is closed, okay? So…
10:06:310Michele De Carli: That is. Okay, we have seen them already, okay, because you've seen them. Now I want to a little bit talk about the, how to control the pump, okay, how to control the…
10:21:430Michele De Carli: the speed of the… okay, as I told you, in all the plants, we had, well, still today, but I mean, in, anyway, in, in old plants, we had, constant,
10:37:230Michele De Carli: chlorate, okay?
10:40:840Michele De Carli: But as you can understand, if you're closing, if you're working with two-way veins, so if you're closing one section.
10:52:410Michele De Carli: then you might reduce the profit, and of course, if you close one section of your secret, but one branch of your secret, okay, the, if a Q&A is the design condition, okay.
11:07:940Michele De Carli: And if you're closing one branch, okay, the flow rate will… will…
11:13:270Michele De Carli: reduce, okay, and the delta P will increase. Okay, so you're going from curve A to curb B, okay? If N, which is the speed of the pump, okay, sorry.
11:28:120Michele De Carli: is fixed, you go from A to B, okay, and that will, and that will create, of course, a greater, power, because the power is at the end of the…
11:42:550Michele De Carli: the product of the mesh for it and the delta P, okay? Not only, but of course, it might be problems, okay? There might be problems in working in condition B with respect to condition A, okay?
11:57:400Michele De Carli: So, what you should do, you… now, it is very easy to do that. You can work with valuable speed engines, okay, so you can adjust the speed of the pump.
12:09:750Michele De Carli: And of course, by reducing the speed of the fan, you will reduce the pressure and the temperature in the moment. How can you do that? Well, there are several ways, okay, but let's say that these are the
12:23:150Michele De Carli: typical, the typical, strategies, okay? The easiest strategy is to work with a constant pressure dump. Pressure head, okay? So, to work with the pressure head of the pump, which is fixed. So, you keep
12:40:590Michele De Carli: the pump, okay, will work in a way that the head, of course, you need the pressure, the differential pressure measurement, okay? But you can do that, okay? If the pump is,
12:54:820Michele De Carli: if the pump is working with a constant data P, okay, if you, if the curve will change from A to B,
13:07:170Michele De Carli: By keeping the the pressure head becomes that okay?
13:14:180Michele De Carli: they… a resulting point will be B first, which will be, anyway, in the… in the… in the new…
13:23:100Michele De Carli: basically curve of your plant, okay, but of your circuit. But, of course, in this case, we reduce the pressure head of the plant, which means… and of course, by reducing the number of
13:43:30Michele De Carli: Another possibility is to, work
13:47:710Michele De Carli: With… and of course, sorry, and of course, you're not only reducing the pressure, but also, of course, the flow rate, okay?
13:55:190Michele De Carli: Another possibility is to set a minimal pressure, minimum pressure head of the pump, okay? So, in a linear relationship, which could be, for instance, to go from,
14:14:230Michele De Carli: Not a constant pressure head, okay, but let's say to have a minimum pressure head at zero fluoride, okay?
14:24:190Michele De Carli: So adjusting the 48th and day.
14:27:750Michele De Carli: and the pressure drops, okay, in a linear way, like this one here, okay? So, in this case, the,
14:39:730Michele De Carli: what you will do is, to work, okay, in, or to change the, the, the points from A to B, okay, to be first.
14:50:320Michele De Carli: working with smaller ferrate, and also smaller ferrate than the design conditions, okay?
15:00:560Michele De Carli: In this case, you will not be 100% sure that the prorate will be the one which is really wanted in some branches, but you will be also in partial load convolution, so it might be that…
15:15:460Michele De Carli: maybe the second temperature will be reached. I mean, it is just a control.
15:21:520Michele De Carli: problem, but not really done… not really relevant, okay? What is the effect, okay? I want to show you the effect of these two differences. Okay, so here you see, this is just a pump, okay? I don't even remember the pump, but it's just an example, okay?
15:39:720Michele De Carli: So imagine that you work with 55 cubic meters per hour of, perlate, nonlinear poll rate, and a pressure head of 12 meters, or 11.5 meters of cone of water. Okay, so…
15:56:510Michele De Carli: Your condition is represented by the black lines, okay?
16:03:230Michele De Carli: That are presented here.
16:05:900Michele De Carli: So, in… of course, this should meet the nominal circuit curve, which is the green one, the continuous green one, okay?
16:18:630Michele De Carli: Now, imagine what you work with, that you reduce, that you are closing one of these circles, one of, I don't know how many secrets, okay, you, instead work with the new curve
16:32:920Michele De Carli: Of the secret, which is the green one, the dotted line.
16:36:620Michele De Carli: You can see that if you consider a constant pressure ahead of the
16:43:100Michele De Carli: of the pump, okay? In this case, the working conditions will… so, if you keep fixed, 11.5, the head meters of head of the pump, okay.
16:58:530Michele De Carli: What do you have? You have that the, the, the…
17:06:760Michele De Carli: They, of course, the flow rate will decrease.
17:10:20Michele De Carli: There will be a decrease in the efficiency, you can see that here. Okay, sorry. You can see that in nominal conditions, you had almost 75% of efficiency of the pump. Here, you have a little bit smaller value, like 70%, okay?
17:28:50Michele De Carli: Okay, so here the deficiency is rightly reduced. Okay, but here you can see the effect, okay? So, the power of the part in this case is 55 cubic meters per hour divided by
17:40:520Michele De Carli: 3.6.
17:41:980Michele De Carli: 3,600.
17:43:670Michele De Carli: seconds per hour, and dividing 10
17:46:540Michele De Carli: times 1,000, because it's cubic meters per liter, and then 1 the density, okay? So, the, the kilograms per second, let's say, flow rate, times the…
18:02:490Michele De Carli: value in meters of a column of water times the G,
18:07:310Michele De Carli: the gravity constant is the power, okay, so G.
18:12:130Michele De Carli: G, M, delta P, okay, H, okay, they are in, Oh my god.
18:21:490Michele De Carli: desomeric height, okay, is the power, okay? So this is…
18:25:940Michele De Carli: The… the power, okay? Which is…
18:30:990Michele De Carli: the power that I have to give to the hydraulic power, then I have to, okay, consider the efficiency of the power. Okay, so I have to divide by the efficiency of the power, which is 0.75, which leads to 2.3 kilowatts, okay?
18:46:760Michele De Carli: Now, what you do? You keep fixed the…
18:50:590Michele De Carli: delta P, the H, the height, the height in meters of water columns, okay, for the pressure head.
19:03:430Michele De Carli: You have a smaller prorate, so instead of 55, you have 40, okay? So you're… you have decreased by 20% more or less, yeah, okay?
19:13:300Michele De Carli: a little bit more. The flow rate. So, in this case, you go from 1000… 1.7 kilowatts to 1.2 kilowatts.
19:23:900Michele De Carli: Smaller efficiency, but at the end, you can see that you are saving, okay, about 22% of the
19:32:900Michele De Carli: power, okay, and of course, that is a relevant figure. I told you, okay, remember that in today's buildings, okay, the energy need for heating is very small.
19:46:60Michele De Carli: And if you use a heat pump, the electricity used for the heat pump, okay, is similar to the
19:54:550Michele De Carli: Electricity that you use for the pumps.
19:57:940Michele De Carli: Okay? Which is… Strange, but it is like that.
20:03:220Michele De Carli: Another possibility, the other possibility, instead of working with a linear, it's a relationship between, or a linear reduction of not only the pressure head, but also the perimeter, okay?
20:19:590Michele De Carli: you, in this case, I mean, the initial conditions are the same, okay, so this is, again, the same calculation that we had before.
20:28:890Michele De Carli: In this case, the… the… the…
20:38:310Michele De Carli: Yes.
20:39:290Michele De Carli: the line, in this case will be here, so you will have a smaller delta P and a smaller pro relative, okay? And in this case.
20:49:780Michele De Carli: You can see that you will have 35 cubic meters per hour, and 9.5, okay, water meters.
21:05:40Michele De Carli: Quotar kilometers, okay?
21:07:340Michele De Carli: In this case, You use the same equation, and you have 900 watts.
21:14:430Michele De Carli: smaller efficiency of the pump, which leads to, okay, 1.3, so 14% of, serving, okay? So you can see that working with variable speed pumps, okay, is
21:30:320Michele De Carli: relevant, mandatory occasion in new meetings, because by working with the variable speed pumps, you can save a lot of money.
21:39:340Michele De Carli: energy, okay? Because you usually work in partial conditions.
21:44:100Michele De Carli: Okay, good.
21:47:50Michele De Carli: No.
21:50:840Michele De Carli: Balancing dates, okay, minimum stop.
21:54:960Michele De Carli: We have seen the cultural ways. The control ways are necessary because
22:02:40Michele De Carli: We have to control the thermal output, the emission of the thermal output of our system, okay.
22:12:280Michele De Carli: And, but!
22:16:770Michele De Carli: We also need to check if we are able to have a…
22:22:690Michele De Carli: balanced condition in our distribution workbook, okay? We are seeing the different distribution systems, okay? We have seen the direct distribution system, okay, and also the pickerman distribution, okay, in horizontal and vertical
22:41:870Michele De Carli: conditions, okay? Now, here, okay, you can see the balancing veins. What are these… oh, these veils are usually, okay, you can find that
22:55:220Michele De Carli: With this kind of, of, they are presented by this.
23:02:860Michele De Carli: That you hear, okay? So these are the waves with the two triangles and the… an inclined T, okay?
23:10:320Michele De Carli: So, what do they… what… how can they be used? They can be used either for balancing, okay, the, one branch, okay, or you can balance even
23:23:800Michele De Carli: each initial system, okay?
23:26:420Michele De Carli: How… what are, they used for what? Okay, okay, there are… there are two different, there are, there are two different, balancing games, okay? We could,
23:45:20Michele De Carli: We could, use them, okay, in order to…
23:50:830Michele De Carli: control the flow rate, okay, which means that we could
23:56:350Michele De Carli: Either ticks the minimum… the maximum flow rate, okay, according to the thermal out of our system.
24:04:680Michele De Carli: And also to the, to the data that we have, to the control wave, okay? Or we could, in principle, try to,
24:18:860Michele De Carli: to…
24:21:120Michele De Carli: allow, okay, a constant pressure drop, partial pressure drop, for the different flow rates that we have, okay? So, what I want to say is that with the control wave, you can control by closing the wave, okay, the emission of your system.
24:40:710Michele De Carli: it might be needed to control, to have, to control the pressure drop, okay, across the, the, the, the system, okay?
24:53:540Michele De Carli: Or you could just fix the maximum flow rate, okay? So it depends what is the problem.
25:00:120Michele De Carli: So, the static balancing is the balancing, so are these waves, which are
25:09:590Michele De Carli: Fixing the maximum flow rate. Okay, so the static balancing.
25:15:230Michele De Carli: or the static balancing waves, okay, are the waves which allow to have, not to exceed a maximum flow rate, okay?
25:27:110Michele De Carli: So poorly implement P at the end, okay?
25:32:190Michele De Carli: But they are not adjusting the delta P, okay, below a certain…
25:38:400Michele De Carli: While the dynamic balancing is instead working, they are waves which are allowing to have a stable delta P over the time, okay? So they are different conditions. So, the typical static balancing waves are like this, okay? So.
25:57:510Michele De Carli: You can see, I made very decent.
26:00:120Michele De Carli: they are, you can see that there are two connections here, okay? So, when you start the iteration of the, of the, of the A, of the hydraulic system, you will connect the two, tubes here, okay, with the… with the…
26:18:910Michele De Carli: Machine by… made by the producer of the wave, and then you will adjust the wave according to the… to the maximum flow rate that you
26:26:950Michele De Carli: Okay, so the pressure drop, so you can see that here, okay? So actually, the producer, depending on the type of wave, okay, here you can see there are different types of waves, which are this…
26:38:500Michele De Carli: This,
26:41:530Michele De Carli: 9 here, okay? So, depending on the type of engine, depending… sorry, depending on the position, okay, of this, you will turn the… the… this…
26:52:150Michele De Carli: System, okay, in order to get a certain position, according to the position, okay, that will be, like, enabled in,
27:00:190Michele De Carli: In here, okay, so according to position, it will be possible, of course.
27:08:310Michele De Carli: made by the producer, so who knows, etc, which is the… according to the position, the flow rate, according to the delta P that you're measuring, okay, across the section.
27:19:830Michele De Carli: Okay, so in this case, you can fix the chlorate, okay, and in this case, you will have, okay, you will have peak.
27:32:730Michele De Carli: So the balancing will be, okay, provided by the…
27:37:850Michele De Carli: By day, by the yearly.
27:41:410Michele De Carli: Okay, by the delta P, you will know which is the pressure, the maximum flow rate, or vice versa, according to the mass flow rate, you will see you will match the delta P, okay? In any case, bet this time once.
27:56:820Michele De Carli: Okay, and once you tune the system, okay, then you know that the…
28:01:830Michele De Carli: you will fix the maximum for 8, okay, according to the delta P that you'll see.
28:06:540Michele De Carli: gay.
28:08:170Michele De Carli: The dynamic balancing, instead, is different. So, in this case, the wave, okay, will work.
28:19:400Michele De Carli: In a certain range, okay?
28:23:80Michele De Carli: Providing a constant flow rate. Okay, so, depending on the, on the pressure drop.
28:31:920Michele De Carli: I mean, some… so in this case, you will allow, okay, this
28:37:920Michele De Carli: initial systems, this branch of the circuit usually, okay, to, have, okay, to work with a constant flow rate, independent on the delta P that you have, okay?
28:51:430Michele De Carli: And yes, this is done, let's say, in a continuous Dave?
28:58:820Michele De Carli: So, usually, what could you do? Well, basically, in principle, one possibility, okay, the usual recommendation, okay, is to work with a
29:10:510Michele De Carli: Static Balancing wave on the supply line, okay? And to work with the dynamic balancing wave on the return line, okay?
29:19:890Michele De Carli: That's it. In this case, you will, you will allow to have a maximum flow rate, so to limit the flow rate in the pressure.
29:28:140Michele De Carli: Okay, on the circuit, on one hand, and on the other hand, in the return, you will then, okay, try to modulate the flow rate, despite the pressure drop that you have, okay, in the circuit, okay?
29:46:610Michele De Carli: Yeah, these are the two ways, okay, that can be used, and in this case, okay, you can
29:53:350Michele De Carli: But you remember? That… the… prorate that you have, okay, will be,
30:03:280Michele De Carli: the balance inflow rate will be calculated, which can be calculated in this pattern. You can also
30:11:00Michele De Carli: Okay, so I think it's enough for today.
30:14:420Michele De Carli: And also for this part of the lecture, okay, so you can skip this, and…
30:20:280Michele De Carli: This is… this is fine, because you need to find that
30:23:670Michele De Carli: Okay, so we can skip the two… the last two slides, okay?
30:28:940Michele De Carli: Alright, I think it wasn't us.
30:32:230Michele De Carli: bank?
30:33:670Michele De Carli: See you tomorrow.
30:47:150Michele De Carli: Peace.