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00:01:890Michele De Carli: Community.
00:07:750Michele De Carli: Just get over there.
00:11:950Michele De Carli: Whoa. Yeah.
00:17:700Michele De Carli: Okay, so… Now we're going, to see how to size the hydraulic, the…
00:28:00Michele De Carli: Hydraulic liquid, hydraulic system, and how to select the pump, okay?
00:32:460Michele De Carli: So, we have seen the different sequel, so we have seen that we have a secondary secret and a primary secret, okay. Now we are going to see how to choose a pump, okay, and how to make the calculations.
00:48:380Michele De Carli: Then, we are going to see, in the next two, steps, in the next two sections, okay, the, some issues related to the,
00:59:910Michele De Carli: to then,
01:02:120Michele De Carli: manage heat and cold water, okay? And on the other side, we're going to see in the last section.
01:12:160Michele De Carli: How to manage and control the flow rates, and which are the usual systems that we use for managing the water circulation into the different,
01:25:160Michele De Carli: sequence and subsequence, okay? Then we go, we move into the generation side, okay? We are going to see the different generator, how to say how to size, and then we are going to see, then, how to manage the generation.
01:40:30Michele De Carli: systems, okay? And then we finish. If we have to… if we have enough, then we would like… okay, but…
01:49:90Michele De Carli: Let's see. Okay, well, how far we go.
01:51:680Michele De Carli: Alright, so, I think that part of this…
01:57:610Michele De Carli: purely, you know, already, so I will go quite quick, okay, on the… especially in the first part.
02:03:610Michele De Carli: You know that we have, the, the, the,
02:10:410Michele De Carli: the Bernoulli equation, we are working, we are mainly dealing, okay, we are… no, we are just dealing with closed secrets, so…
02:18:340Michele De Carli: The difference that we have with the hydraulic solutions with respect to the
02:24:810Michele De Carli: ironic solutions, okay, is the fact that we are working in close to securities.
02:30:600Michele De Carli: usually one, if there is, okay, one open circuit with the water, and this is the fire due to the fire protection, okay? So in this case, if it's quiet, and if it's needed, okay.
02:47:200Michele De Carli: The fire, let's say, the water that is used to
02:53:30Michele De Carli: to, profess the fire protection. Okay, in this case, of course, it is an open loop, because you have to spray out the water into the…
03:03:870Michele De Carli: In case, okay, just in case, of course.
03:07:800Michele De Carli: But apart this, a partis, and we are not going to see, okay, the, the, the…
03:13:980Michele De Carli: fire safety and so on. So, what we are going to see is how to distribute the water into the different emission systems that we have seen, okay? So, in that case, we have just
03:26:80Michele De Carli: closed loops, okay? So, in these closed loops, then.
03:30:960Michele De Carli: what we need to consider is just the pressure drops that we have along the path of the distribution, like torque, like the pipes, okay? And, I mean, at the end, everything is related to the
03:50:260Michele De Carli: To the, to the… we can, let's say, we can split the program into, two different,
04:01:630Michele De Carli: sub-issues, let's say, subtopics, which are the distributed losses along the horizontal pipes, and the localized losses that we have instead every time we have a certain device, like, for instance, the initial systems, because it's a…
04:24:380Michele De Carli: to fix the inject, okay? So, in order to have the waterproof.
04:28:620Michele De Carli: We will have the pressure drop across the…
04:31:710Michele De Carli: the heat exchanger, okay, the radiator, the fan coil, the active beam, and of course, as we have seen yesterday, okay, also across the sequence that we have, okay, from the manifold, okay, of course, in the manifold, if you have a manifold, okay.
04:51:210Michele De Carli: In the case of radiant system, okay, all the secrets that are going from the manifold, in this case, we have not the pump, okay, so the
05:01:30Michele De Carli: the money for this driving the water, okay?
05:07:370Michele De Carli: Okay, doesn't matter.
05:08:550Michele De Carli: yes, maybe we can see that.
05:14:820Michele De Carli: No.
05:17:990Michele De Carli: Hello, okay, let's, let's formatting.
05:20:220Michele De Carli: So in this case, of course, if you have parallel electrodes, if you have parallel circuits, okay.
05:28:440Michele De Carli: The greater pressure drops will… the greater pressure drop of the circuit will…
05:34:930Michele De Carli: Will be the pressure drop of your…
05:38:470Michele De Carli: circuits, okay? And this is the pressure drop that you have on the manifold, okay? But let's say that, also, for the case of radius system, you can
05:49:00Michele De Carli: you can manage them as localized pressure drop. Locally, it's a distributed pressure drop, but they say, you can consider as localized pressure drop, okay?
05:59:940Michele De Carli: Or the manifold, the vase that you have every time you have something, okay, you are…
06:06:110Michele De Carli: Also, the heat exchanger of the generation system, okay, will be a localized pressure drop, okay?
06:15:310Michele De Carli: Okay.
06:17:960Michele De Carli: So, now we're going to see how to manage and how to decline the distributed losses and the… and the localized losses, okay? The distributed losses, you know that they are… yes, sorry, what is important to remember.
06:36:900Michele De Carli: Sorry, what is important to remember is that then, of course, the pressure drops, okay? They are, okay, related, or they're linked to the square of the flow rate of the water, okay?
06:53:210Michele De Carli: Okay, I want to remind that we have an uncompressible fluid, okay? So, in this case, okay, we are interested in the pressure drops, okay? And in this case.
07:09:350Michele De Carli: we can consider them proportional to the length of the pipe, okay? And while the localized pressure drops, they are, let's say.
07:22:820Michele De Carli: Defined, as we have seen, the localized pressure drops in the
07:28:370Michele De Carli: ventilation system. They are, okay, related only to the type of, let's say, localized of,
07:38:480Michele De Carli: Of a system, okay, subsystem that we are, that we are.
07:43:200Michele De Carli: that we have, as we will see in a Y. So, if we have a T, if we have a veil, if we have everything will be somehow related to the pressure drop. In case of the
07:54:820Michele De Carli: In case of the emission systems, okay, the producer will have to declare the pressure drop that he has across the emission system, okay?
08:06:690Michele De Carli: For the apartheid radiant systems, where you have to, okay, Okay?
08:14:370Michele De Carli: Okay, so, at the end, okay, what is important to remember is that you can, you can, have a…
08:31:250Michele De Carli: analogy? Okay, an analogy, between the,
08:37:230Michele De Carli: the circuits, the hydraulic circuits, with the electrical circuits, okay? So, at the end, it is, anyway, okay, you have to remember that the analogy, you can write an analogy by proceeding the resistance, the hydraulic resistance, okay.
08:57:230Michele De Carli: In this case, with the square of the prorate, but let's say that in principle, the, the hydraulic… the hydraulic network is, anyway, a resistance.
09:10:600Michele De Carli: Okay? And, of course, if you have branches in parallel, you can handle the branches in parallel with the equivalent resistance in parallel. When you have branches in series, you can… you have to consider the sum of the resistances, okay?
09:27:390Michele De Carli: But, I mean, there is a very, similar,
09:32:910Michele De Carli: Behavior, okay, apart at the…
09:35:150Michele De Carli: linear m square, okay, function that you have for the flu rate, instead of the linear,
09:41:660Michele De Carli: Equation for the current, okay?
09:45:970Michele De Carli: But in principle, you can… you can write, okay, the… and you can define the hydronic system as an electric.
09:56:560Michele De Carli: irresistance man.
09:58:450Michele De Carli: Okay?
09:59:640Michele De Carli: Good. Now, what about the continuous pressure losses, okay? I go quite quick, because I know that most of these, backgrounds you have already, okay? So…
10:13:380Michele De Carli: Of course, the friction factor, okay, usually we define the bigger losses by the supposed friction factor. The friction factor
10:24:870Michele De Carli: is a, a factor, okay, which is then used in the, in the equation, okay? Well, we'll see later on.
10:33:690Michele De Carli: It is a function of real number, and that, then…
10:41:170Michele De Carli: roughness of the pipe, okay? Let's say the dimensional roughness of the pipe, the 5 is the roughness of the pipe, divided by the diameter, the inner diameter of the pipe, okay?
10:55:230Michele De Carli: So, the greater the diameter, the smaller the fission factor, the greater the
11:01:580Michele De Carli: Roughness, okay, then return, then friction, okay, so…
11:06:240Michele De Carli: Just to mention, the friction factor is, of course, depending also on the quality of the surface, the inner surface of the pipe. So in the new pipe, we will have lower friction loss, than,
11:23:710Michele De Carli: than in, you know, the pipe, okay? Because, especially with metal pipes, okay? Okay.
11:32:930Michele De Carli: Now, the Reynolds number, you have seen that many times, so I don't have to…
11:39:750Michele De Carli: define them. I want just to mention that, of course, it's related to the diameter and the velocity of the water. So, let's say that the friction factor, so the nature of the
11:54:380Michele De Carli: pipe, okay, so depending if it's plastic type, steel, copper pipe, okay, will affect the roughness of the
12:03:80Michele De Carli: of the pipe, okay? The Reynolds number will depend on the diameter of the flow rate, which is at the end of the
12:11:690Michele De Carli: velocity that you have on the water. Okay, and of course, the viscosity, okay, because also the viscosity, which is, of course, function of the temperature, okay? So you need to consider in
12:25:50Michele De Carli: If you are working in a secret with heating and cooling, okay, you need to do the calculations in both conditions, so in heating and cooling design conditions, because the viscosity of the water will change, okay, according to the temperatures that you have, okay?
12:45:590Michele De Carli: All right, so, if you have a laminar flow, the friction factor is very easy, it can be calculated in a simple way, just by means of the renal number, okay? If you're working in a…
13:02:580Michele De Carli: you know…
13:05:970Michele De Carli: two blank row, okay? If you had a two-blank row, okay, then the problem is that the Kohlberg correlation is usually a recursive calculation that you have to make.
13:19:740Michele De Carli: It's not rocket science, okay? But I mean, you have just to do two, three, okay?
13:26:150Michele De Carli: Iterations, and then you can get the It's okay, sir.
13:31:730Michele De Carli: It's not that complicated, but it is tricky anyway.
13:35:890Michele De Carli: Okay, so, well, we have seen a woody diagram, okay, where you can calculate a friction factor, okay, so you can have
13:46:40Michele De Carli: you can, you can, you can help by this, for the different, for the relative pi freshness, the Reynolds number, and according to the Modi diagram, you can calculate, okay, the friction part.
13:59:150Michele De Carli: Okay? If you don't do that, and if you're using some tools, okay, which are already calculating efficient factor, anyway, the tools will have the Buddy diagram behind, okay, for your calculations, okay? And of course, if you are long enough, okay, then this is the usual.
14:17:480Michele De Carli: equation that you use, okay, for… so yeah, I mean, it's the easiest way to do the calculator.
14:22:630Michele De Carli: Let's say that this is how you do this. Okay, here you can see the different roughnesses that you have for the different materials. So you can see that, steel, has,
14:37:880Michele De Carli: is the order of 0.1, okay, and that is not a plastic, okay? Iron is a 0.15, okay? And plastics, usually they have a smaller roughness, okay, so…
14:51:10Michele De Carli: Plastic is usually… has usually a smaller roughness, which means that you usually have smaller pressure drops.
15:00:110Michele De Carli: more linear pressure drops, okay, in plastic than in steel pipes, okay, or in metal pipes, okay? Yes, you can see that also here, okay, how you can…
15:13:410Michele De Carli: see, how you, you have, sorry, the typical values that you have. Of course, the, especially the…
15:24:40Michele De Carli: they, as I told you, if they have, depending on the…
15:30:230Michele De Carli: on the quality of the pipe, the age of the pipe, let's say, okay, the roughness will change a lot, so it depends. If you have new or old or rusty, okay, materials, okay, that will change a lot the
15:45:650Michele De Carli: data management.
15:47:460Michele De Carli: donation list.
15:49:410Michele De Carli: Quick shot, sorry, around this, okay.
15:52:990Michele De Carli: The absolute roughness in the relative.
15:56:580Michele De Carli: Roughness, of course, okay? Okay. So,
16:05:140Michele De Carli: Okay, so this is usually what you can… I mean…
16:11:210Michele De Carli: This is what you could do, okay? There are some simplified equations, okay, for making the…
16:20:910Michele De Carli: sizing, okay, you can do it in a detailed way, as we have seen, or you can use some simplified equations. Of course, if they are, okay, if they… as always, okay, there are some simplified equations, some, let's say.
16:38:200Michele De Carli: integrating functions, which are, of course, valid as far as you are inside a certain range. In this case, for instance.
16:47:410Michele De Carli: If you have a roughness between 0… roughness, okay, between 0.0 and 0. So usually, you can use this equation for copper, stainless steel, okay, and plastic pipes, okay? Yes?
17:07:420Michele De Carli: Before, you divided two cases, one at a low Reynolds number, another one with a higher Reynolds number. This simplification is a highly common flow. Yes, for the laminar flow. For the laminar flow, for the laminar flow, you can use it, you can use it anytime.
17:27:99Michele De Carli: So, you can, you can see…
17:31:290Michele De Carli: Okay, so this is, an example, okay, how you can use that, okay? These are, the, the values, okay? This is in millimeters of water currently, okay?
17:48:430Michele De Carli: The velocity is, in, sorry, the disc velocity is in the square root of…
17:55:790Michele De Carli: Per second, basically, okay? And the flow rate is in literal, okay? And the diameter in millimeter. If you use these sizes, okay, if you use this dimension, then this is the equation that you can use, okay?
18:10:780Michele De Carli: Okay, so in this case, we have directly the linear philosophy.
18:17:680Michele De Carli: you have, you can use in the calculation, okay? If you have, instead, let's say, roughnesses between 0.02 and 0.09, so higher roughnesses, okay.
18:33:10Michele De Carli: Which are usually the ones that you can use with, let's say, metal pipes, apart copper, okay, and stainless steel, okay.
18:42:380Michele De Carli: then this can be the equation, okay? This can be the equation, which is a simplified equation, so you don't have to do recursive calculations as you should do with the color book, okay? So, these equations are replacing the color book equation, which is
18:59:600Michele De Carli: If that can be used, you can use that anyway, anyway, anytime, okay? But if you are working with some, let's say.
19:08:370Michele De Carli: typical.
19:10:00Michele De Carli: materials, okay, you can use this simplified equation without doing recursive calculations, okay? So this is the equation, and with this kind of… or if you… if you are defining the
19:25:290Michele De Carli: The dimension of the fluoridimeter power, diameter and millimeter, and the dynamic… sorry, the…
19:34:630Michele De Carli: the somatic viscosity, okay, in square meter per second, okay, this is the question that you have. And you have directly, okay, the, linear loss coefficient. Okay, so in this case, okay, this is the friction loss, okay, and of course, it's
19:55:590Michele De Carli: non-dimensional, okay? In this case, R is representing the directory, the
20:05:980Michele De Carli: distributed pressure loss, linear pressure loss, okay? So, ring pressure loss per meter of length of the pipe, okay? Both here and in the previous… in the previous solution.
20:18:790Michele De Carli: Okay?
20:19:980Michele De Carli: VR?
20:21:60Michele De Carli: Okay.
20:22:590Michele De Carli: Very good.
20:23:960Michele De Carli: This is, as I was mentioning, okay, that is causity. Okay, we'll…
20:31:360Michele De Carli: depend, or depends, not depends, depends, depends on the… on the… and also the density, okay, but, especially the viscosity, depends on the temperature that you use, okay? So usually with the water, it can work here, so the density
20:50:520Michele De Carli: you can work, let's say… you have some, let's say, changes in the density, but of course, the most effective parameter is the viscosity, okay? So, in principle, the density, you can use, you can… if you want, you can… you can make the…
21:06:670Michele De Carli: You can use the density according to the temperature, but what you should… it's up to you, okay? But definitely what you have to do is to deal, or to look at the
21:17:990Michele De Carli: viscosity, okay?
21:20:430Michele De Carli: as a function of the temperature. And of course, if you're… if you're, if you're designing a…
21:29:900Michele De Carli: And rather see fit, okay, you have to do the calculation, okay, on the coldest and warmest level that you have.
21:40:910Michele De Carli: Oops. Okay?
21:43:330Michele De Carli: Okay, yeah, of course, the viscosity is greater as…
21:52:980Michele De Carli: as the temperature is lower, okay? So the greater the…
21:57:40Michele De Carli: The lower that time factor, the greater the viscosity, okay? And of course…
22:01:740Michele De Carli: That, also the return in pressure loss, okay?
22:06:600Michele De Carli: Alright, so, okay, this is…
22:13:730Michele De Carli: This is just to show you some…
22:19:270Michele De Carli: Very useful. Okay, okay, for high roughness pipes, okay, you can, okay, have a different
22:31:260Michele De Carli: Shows are played badass, make great shows.
22:34:500Michele De Carli: What is the problem? To know exactly which is there.
22:39:770Michele De Carli: Okay? Quality of the pipe that you have to deal with, okay? So you don't know,
22:47:340Michele De Carli: But, I mean, there are also equations, okay, we won't see them, okay, but there are equations also for, let's say, corroded pipes, or with deposits, okay, in case of height, roughness, okay, values, that you could have, like.
23:03:380Michele De Carli: hitting, since then.
23:07:530Michele De Carli: on some decades, okay? But usually, it is very difficult to know exactly the state or the conditions of the pipes, okay?
23:17:510Michele De Carli: Alright, so here, you have, for the different types of, of,
23:26:500Michele De Carli: materials, okay, that you can use for the pipes, you have pre-calculated, okay, pressure losses of the pipes. What is the issue here, when you have to deal with the hydron sequence? The pipes are provided in
23:44:750Michele De Carli: a certain way, okay? So, you cannot… you're not free to decide the size of the… of the duct that you can do in, in, in,
23:54:280Michele De Carli: ventilation system, okay, but here, we have to deal with the
23:59:350Michele De Carli: Defined, well, the diameters, so you can… you go from 50 millimeters to 20 millimeters to 25 millimeters, 52, and so on.
24:08:60Michele De Carli: Okay, so there is no continuity between one diameter and the other, so you have either to select one or the other. And again, of course, the selection, the greater the diameter, the greater the cost of the pie.
24:24:300Michele De Carli: the smaller the diameter, the greater the pressure. Okay, so it is always a balance between, between the costs and benefits, okay? The green area, in this case, is the recommended
24:41:650Michele De Carli: pressure, drop, linear pressure, drop that you might have. Okay, so usually the recommended value is between, 0. Okay, 100 and, and 400 pascal per meter, okay?
24:56:230Michele De Carli: So depending on the flow rate that you have, meters per second, okay, you will, go from one, diameter, let's say, if you are, like, for instance, here, 3, okay, if you have 3 meters per second.
25:12:180Michele De Carli: In this case, you have no way, okay? You will just select this 65mm part, okay? Because it is the recommended value that you can use, okay? You could select a smaller here.
25:29:540Michele De Carli: Okay, you could select a smaller pipe, but in this case, you will have the double on the pressure drops, okay?
25:38:520Michele De Carli: Is it good? Not, well, it depends how…
25:42:840Michele De Carli: large, how long is the pipe? Okay, so you will have to do it, and you will…
25:50:00Michele De Carli: Anyway, what is important to know is that you go from one line to another, okay? There is no continuity between one type and the other, because these are the types that you find in commerce, okay? The nominal…
26:04:400Michele De Carli: size, the nominal diameter of the pipes, okay? This is the main, let's say, the issue. In this case, this is for black steel pipe, okay, which are usually
26:15:670Michele De Carli: the cheapest and easy-to-handle pipes, okay, in, HVAC. Of course, black steel pipe, they are cheaper, but, okay, they might, okay,
26:32:920Michele De Carli: They might have problems of deposit corrosion and so on, but usually, okay, we won't see that, okay, but usually, you are also, okay, treating the chemically, the water in order, okay, to face the different
26:50:550Michele De Carli: Problems that you might have, because you might have different areas.
26:55:930Michele De Carli: And of course, by adding the water, okay, that could lead to, corrosion, okay? But usually, okay, you saw in order to sign up.
27:08:170Michele De Carli: Considering the different materials that you have, then you're, okay, treating in one way, and also, depending on the
27:15:680Michele De Carli: on the starting water quality, okay, that you have in this location, then you will, you will treat the water in one way or another, okay? The companies which are producing the chemical treatment, okay, they will, provide you the
27:34:340Michele De Carli: suitable solution for making the water as fast as possible, not corrosive, okay, so the… And…
27:45:850Michele De Carli: Yeah, in order to reduce the…
27:47:930Michele De Carli: the… the risks of, of corrosion and deposits, okay? But this is for black steel pipe, okay? This other is…
27:57:860Michele De Carli: the, copper types, okay? So in this case, you can see, let's consider, we have seen
28:06:770Michele De Carli: Let's just consider… Great.
28:11:480Michele De Carli: let's just consider… I will do it in the blue line. I told you 3, okay, so for 3,
28:18:380Michele De Carli: Per second, you would select a 50mm… sorry, 65mm diameter pipe, if you have the same prorate.
28:28:500Michele De Carli: with the copper pipe, okay, you will select…
28:35:810Michele De Carli: Okay. In case of, sorry, in case of plastic pipe, okay, here, again, you can see there is 65mm.
28:47:120Michele De Carli: Okay, so let's say that there is not so many, difference, okay, between one and another. Okay, of course.
28:55:460Michele De Carli: Of course, here you have water at 20 degrees, okay, but you can see that, I mean, there is not so big a change, okay? You can see there is,
29:08:500Michele De Carli: There is just a small difference between one and another in terms of… but also in terms of pressure terms.
29:18:240Michele De Carli: Okay? Anyway, what you should do, basically, you can… you can use this
29:25:480Michele De Carli: Diagrams, okay, in order to make some, let's say, preliminary calculations, okay?
29:31:470Michele De Carli: And, and then you can, do the calculation, so every time you have the pressure drop, the linear pressure drop, the linear pressure drop times the length of the, of the circuit will lead to the, overall pressure drop, due to the con… due to the
29:49:790Michele De Carli: Due to death, beautiful day.
30:00:280Michele De Carli: The length of the… of the panic circles.
30:03:100Michele De Carli: Okay, remember, you… every time you select the diameter of the car, the name, so on, you have also to calculate the volume.
30:14:340Michele De Carli: Which is, of course, very important, because the overall volume of the water plus the volume of the water
30:22:250Michele De Carli: that is present in the heat exchanger, and so on, okay, will be used then for the sizing of the
30:33:570Michele De Carli: pressure lesson, okay, which is, of course.
30:38:480Michele De Carli: an important issue that we are going to see tomorrow, okay? Alright, so…
30:46:330Michele De Carli: I can't go on, okay? No, I'm not gonna play a combination.
31:00:840Michele De Carli: See if I can go… Okay, yes, I can go on.
31:05:300Michele De Carli: Okay.
31:06:890Michele De Carli: Okay, that is all for the pressure losses. Okay, of course, yeah, for the linear pressure losses, okay.
31:18:250Michele De Carli: Poor man.
31:25:110Michele De Carli: Por de la especial, as, we have seen for the,
31:33:840Michele De Carli: aerolic, systems, okay? Also, in this case, we have for the different type of,
31:41:940Michele De Carli: Of, of, device that we are considering, we have different pressure, localized pressure times, okay?
31:52:430Michele De Carli: How do… are they defined? They are defined by the types of waves, okay, so we will see how these waves are made, okay, in the…
32:04:790Michele De Carli: Next week, okay? Maybe tomorrow also, okay. But let's say that depending on the wave that you're using in order to
32:15:580Michele De Carli: to either control the water parade.
32:19:460Michele De Carli: Or, let's say, even a vet which is able to disconnect, for instance, your system, like.
32:26:480Michele De Carli: In case you need to make some works, okay, or just, for instance, if you want to clean the editor, okay, you have to… you are closing the secrets, your distributors, which are, let's say, the agent can be
32:42:790Michele De Carli: shut-off waves, okay, like in this case, okay? So, depending on the wave that you have, okay, you have to consider the different local pressure.
32:54:70Michele De Carli: Usually, for instance, okay, Every time you have a device.
33:01:150Michele De Carli: There's one human beings, okay, usually.
33:08:950Michele De Carli: Uristas?
33:11:520Michele De Carli: Okay.
33:17:520Michele De Carli: If you have to do maintenance, every time you have a device, you are… you are putting one valve, shut off the valve, okay?
33:26:770Michele De Carli: Before and after the device, in order to
33:31:530Michele De Carli: Close the circuit, okay? And make a day, and make it there not dangerous, because otherwise, the only thing that you…
33:40:270Michele De Carli: would do is, if you are not leased, okay, you should then, okay, void all the water of the whole sheet creek, okay? And, I mean, you can do that, but it's, I mean, it's not that useful, okay? So, every time you have at least two vents, which are, let's say.
33:59:870Michele De Carli: closing this in 50 days, you need to do some maintenance, okay? So, depending on the diameter of the… and of course, what is important here, the… the… again, as well.
34:16:810Michele De Carli: The base, okay, they can be connected to the different
34:22:810Michele De Carli: pipes, okay? So, we have seen that we have different diameters, so we will have one valve for each diameter, okay? So, depending on the diameter of the pipe reaching and getting out from the valve, okay, you will have… so this is the diameter.
34:41:659Michele De Carli: In this case, you will add different pressure drops, okay? So, in this case, for instance, 10.
34:51:250Michele De Carli: As localized pressure drop coefficient.
34:55:489Michele De Carli: But as the shutter wave, okay, also the other waves, we won't look at them, okay, because we see them, okay? We will have the different pressure. So, so the check wave also is important, as we receive, okay, we will see that, actually, this…
35:15:210Michele De Carli: Vail is, rather important.
35:18:60Michele De Carli: Okay, here you have some values, okay? In case you have no idea about the radiator, for instance. You're working… you're going in an old building, okay, and you don't know the radiator.
35:34:550Michele De Carli: you will never know which the nature of this is, okay? So, in this case, you will adopt, okay, a
35:43:60Michele De Carli: Neighborhoods, okay, usual value, okay, of 3, okay, for the predictor, and 3, okay, for the Boy, okay?
35:54:630Michele De Carli: And also for other types of systems, like, when you have a curve, a T, okay, or a…
36:04:590Michele De Carli: are joints, okay? In this case, you can have the different personalized locales, as we are seeing for the air ducts, okay? Yes, also in this case, remember that the… the…
36:22:260Michele De Carli: That the… the…
36:27:640Michele De Carli: let's say these kits, these hydraulic kits, okay, they have standardized diameter, okay, so they are, okay, they… but, I mean, in this case, for this time, the T and so on, okay, usually, these are independent on the pressure dropier is independent on the diameter, okay?
36:48:70Michele De Carli: And here you have all these other types of systems, okay? So here you have other systems, okay, this has other…
36:55:380Michele De Carli: elements, okay? Just in case, okay? There are… these are well established by new spectrum.
37:04:200Michele De Carli: Okay, so, which are the recommended usual values that you would consider?
37:10:850Michele De Carli: As we have seen, also from the pictures that we have seen, and the developments that we have seen, and the dias, that we are relating the pressure, the continuous pressure block with the overall temperature, okay?
37:26:60Michele De Carli: Usually, the, the, the, the best would be, like, in 100 pascal perimeter and 400 pascal.
37:34:830Michele De Carli: Okay? So you could consider an average 250 per square N, okay.
37:43:70Michele De Carli: As, let's say, target, okay, but…
37:47:720Michele De Carli: It depends also on the length of the circuit, okay? But let's say that usually these are the usual values that you can consider, okay, for the pipes.
37:58:410Michele De Carli: And, yes, usually you would like to avoid, okay, to have to go above 1.2 meters per second, okay, if the diameter is smaller than 50 meters, okay, in case
38:16:400Michele De Carli: In case of… oh, 400 per liter, okay? In case of even bigger types, you can have… you can allow to have greater pressure drops, okay? Also higher velocities, okay?
38:31:630Michele De Carli: Okay, noise is… could be a problem, but usually is not a big problem as in the case of
38:42:630Michele De Carli: you know… Distribution.
38:45:610Michele De Carli: networks, okay? So, there are distribution networks, near distribution networks, the word noise is a problem, okay? Here, the noise can
38:54:970Michele De Carli: Can be generated, but only, let's say, if you are going with a very high speed in the pipes, and this is basically due to the habitation, okay?
39:11:840Michele De Carli: Mainly, okay? But, I mean, it is… it might be a problem, but usually it is not a problem, or it is not as a big problem as… as the one that you have for.
39:22:20Michele De Carli: And introduce your system.
39:24:370Michele De Carli: Okay,
39:27:870Michele De Carli: Okay, this is the same as was written before, okay. Yes, usually air is, has to be avoided, that is why you use the vents on, on the…
39:41:190Michele De Carli: on the top of the sequence, okay, because in this case, you want to avoid air, which is, causing problem in, the, in,
39:54:430Michele De Carli: Cause problems at the…
39:57:570Michele De Carli: corrosion, okay, and also, if you have air, okay, in some points of the sequence, okay, then the flow rate will be affected by this bubble on the air, okay, because then the flow rate will not be the one that you are expecting, or you are expecting.
40:17:350Michele De Carli: in design, okay? So, the error has to be avoided, okay? So that is why you have, you have to use that, okay, in the…
40:29:340Michele De Carli: to… To take off the air from the sea. These are the mental issues.
40:35:900Michele De Carli: Okay, and yes, if you are… if you are working in the… Horizontal pipes, okay.
40:45:630Michele De Carli: If you are working, blah. Okay.
40:53:50Michele De Carli: Yes.
40:58:670Michele De Carli: Yes, Michael. So…
41:04:170Michele De Carli: There are two ways, I mean, again, talking about the air, okay? The… there are two ways to reduce the problem of the air, okay? So…
41:21:140Michele De Carli: I mean…
41:22:930Michele De Carli: what happens if you have some air, some residual air, okay? If you're not able, if you have, for instance, a long circuit, okay, horizontal circuit, how can you manage to, okay, drain out the air? Okay, so in this case.
41:40:600Michele De Carli: you should check to have a minimum velocity, okay? If you have a minimum velocity, then it is very well recognized that if you are above this velocity, okay, then in case of bubbles over here, okay, they will be, okay.
41:58:680Michele De Carli: They will be transported by the flow… by the water flow, okay? And they will be then… they will reach, then, the highest point where the vent will, okay, drain out.
42:10:960Michele De Carli: Okay? So usually, the recommended minimum velocity is 0.6 meters per second for diameters smaller than 50 millimeters. Usually, you don't have to go below 75 pascal per meter for higher diameters, okay?
42:29:430Michele De Carli: So these are the two, let's say,
42:33:470Michele De Carli: rules of terms that you usually use, for the, for reducing the problems of air, okay? Sometimes, you could even, okay, consider to give a certain slope 1-2%, okay, in order to, okay,
42:52:950Michele De Carli: Yeah, to… to… in case of bubble, okay, if you are… if you have an inclined pipe, okay, then the bubble will go away, okay? This is…
43:01:930Michele De Carli: what you could do, for instance, in case of borehole heat exchangers, okay? In borehole heat exchanges, if you need the… if you go from the manifold to the borehole heat exchanger, okay, then you're giving 2% of
43:16:330Michele De Carli: of, inclination, okay, in order to adhere, okay, when you have the water flow
43:23:870Michele De Carli: stop, okay, here, then we'll go, okay, on the top of the things.
43:31:910Michele De Carli: Yes.
43:33:140Michele De Carli: Yes, it is sufficient, yeah. 2, 3, okay.
43:39:780Michele De Carli: but 2, 3, okay, it means that you have 100… if you have 100 meters, Okay, it's,
43:50:140Michele De Carli: In person is 30 years.
43:54:190Michele De Carli: So…
43:55:400Michele De Carli: Okay? No, sorry, 100 meters, 3 meters. If you have… yes, okay, sorry. If you have 10 meters, if you have 10 meters, it's 37 meters, okay, which is…
44:08:550Michele De Carli: relevant, okay? So, 1-2% is… is okay.
44:14:370Michele De Carli: Okay, okay, that is,
44:22:600Michele De Carli: So, how do you proceed with the sizing, okay?
44:27:400Michele De Carli: Yes, you can, you calculate the load, okay, and you size the terminal units, okay, as we have seen. And then, based on that, you calculate the flow rate. So, depending on the size of the
44:43:830Michele De Carli: Of the…
44:45:750Michele De Carli: of the emission system and the other emission system that you use, okay? You calculate the flow rates that is needed zone by zone, and you connect the zone, okay?
44:57:630Michele De Carli: So you sketch the distribution system, okay, to the terminal units, okay, and of course, we have, as we have seen, we have different possibilities, okay, unfold in the…
45:10:680Michele De Carli: Inverse, with a picamal loop, okay, with a parallel…
45:15:560Michele De Carli: two types, two tips parallel, okay, and so on. And, and then you, so you sketch, you drill, you drill…
45:27:600Michele De Carli: You draw the… the sketch of the…
45:32:730Michele De Carli: Of the system, okay, and then you set the target flow velocity, or pressure, maximum pressure that you need, or maximum velocity, okay? And based on that, you calculate the
45:51:840Michele De Carli: the diameter that you need, and hence the continuous losses, okay, then you, of course, you choose the closest available diameter, okay, because we said that
46:07:820Michele De Carli: You go from one… you have discrete values, okay, of the diameter, and according to the diameter that you select, you calculate the loss that you have.
46:24:200Michele De Carli: Okay, this can be a recursive, recursive calculation, okay?
46:29:760Michele De Carli: At the end, you end out with the pipe diameter that you have, okay? So the pipe diameter, the length, okay, so you will count also the amount of meters material, because the amount of meters of participation matter, okay, then will be the
46:49:500Michele De Carli: And…
46:51:410Michele De Carli: will, make the final list of all the material that you need to, provide to the HVAC, and then it will, define the
47:04:970Michele De Carli: Overall cost, and the tender, okay, in case of a war.
47:09:330Michele De Carli: So, it will be related to the cost that you would have to consider, okay?
47:17:390Michele De Carli: Related to that, you have the meters of pipes, and so on. Then you calculate also the localized pressure drops according to the
47:31:580Michele De Carli: Today, to the fittings, to the, you know, the…
47:36:360Michele De Carli: The ways that you would consider,
47:38:960Michele De Carli: In the system, and at the end, you have the curve, okay, which is…
47:49:70Michele De Carli: Aquatic curve, okay, which, is, the,
47:55:210Michele De Carli: is representing the… your secret, okay, so the… the M line represents the sequence, where you have the flow rate and the actual drop, overall pressure drop of your sequence. And then you have to cross this curve, as you have seen with the
48:11:70Michele De Carli: pump with the suitable pump, okay? For the pump, usually, you have to consider the height of the pump, okay, the efficiency of the pump.
48:22:540Michele De Carli: the electric power that is needed for the pump, okay? Of course, the power of the pump is related to the pressure head and to the
48:34:890Michele De Carli: prorated, okay, with the usual equations, okay, as we will see. And, I mean,
48:43:700Michele De Carli: we won't mention that, but you should also consider the NPSH, okay, just eating, okay, but usually it's not a big problem, okay, but sometimes you might have
48:57:260Michele De Carli: to look at that, especially for larger sites, but not for, I mean, Europe.
49:03:800Michele De Carli: Okay, so, which are the characteristics of the pumps? Okay, so here, you can see that, you can have different,
49:17:100Michele De Carli: Different,
49:23:700Michele De Carli: you, you, you, I mean, for, for the pump, you have, the typical, values of, the, of the pump according, which, is,
49:36:90Michele De Carli: Expressing the… the pressure higher at F alpha with respect to the…
49:41:720Michele De Carli: prorated, okay, in liter… usually in meters per second, okay, so the… the fan is usually 3 bits per hour. The… the… the…
49:51:550Michele De Carli: the prorate of the… of the pops are usually expressed in details per second, okay? And, and, and, in this case, okay, you have to consider which is the
50:05:190Michele De Carli: Remember that, you have to consider… you have to consider on the pump.
50:12:970Michele De Carli: Includes a shooter.
50:16:370Michele De Carli: should provide, okay, the hydraulic efficiency of the pump, the electric efficiency of the pump, and here's the overall efficiency, okay, which is the product of these two efficiencies, the hydraulic efficiency, okay, so how…
50:29:650Michele De Carli: how, how efficient might provide that Russia had to pump, and electric efficiency, which is instead how much
50:40:500Michele De Carli: power I need to spend to, to convert the electricity into hydraulic power, okay? Mechanic power at the end.
50:50:510Michele De Carli: I won't mention that, so I skipped this, okay, because I told you it's not really a big issue, but remember that you need to consider also the net positive section head, just in case, okay, so we skipped that because it's…
51:03:830Michele De Carli: who I want to go ahead. And, then, at the end, you have, also to… in case you can consider the affinity laws, which are, let's say, referring the, the way one pump is working, okay, according to
51:21:810Michele De Carli: The, the, the, the speed, okay, or the,
51:29:400Michele De Carli: Or the diameter of the pumps, okay? Anyway, okay, what is important for you to know is that usually the pumps are provided not only for one target
51:42:980Michele De Carli: value, because you have not only one curve, but usually you have a certain range of operating conditions that you can work on, okay? So depending on where your curve is
51:57:240Michele De Carli: Is, which is your curve, so which is the, the, the value of, the, the, the representative.
52:08:500Michele De Carli: D.
52:10:490Michele De Carli: red curve here. Imagine that you are here. So, in this case, okay.
52:15:330Michele De Carli: Then, the part segment is suitable for you.
52:19:210Michele De Carli: For your case, okay? So, usually the pumps, they are providing a range of, of, operating conditions in terms of pressure.
52:31:560Michele De Carli: And that, and, for employment, okay?
52:40:470Michele De Carli: Yes, one important point to mention is that as we receive
52:48:740Michele De Carli: In the past, we worked mainly, or just with, constant…
52:56:420Michele De Carli: Speed pumps, okay? So, pumps which were working just with The constant velocity, okay.
53:04:460Michele De Carli: Today, the pubs are able to, due to the… and due to the…
53:09:950Michele De Carli: Thanks to the electric, engine,
53:16:600Michele De Carli: development, okay? Today, the pumps are able to use variable speed, okay, which is, of course, beneficial, as you will be seeing.
53:28:920Michele De Carli: Don't be tomorrow, but, next week, okay.
53:32:270Michele De Carli: for what I told you that, is, is important, okay? The, the energy at the end that should be used for deoxinates, for the pump, for pumping the water in process, okay?
53:44:500Michele De Carli: So, in the past, and when you… if you will work with the design, you will see that in the past, in existing plants, okay, up to a few years ago, not really long time ago, up to a few years ago, we had constant
54:01:820Michele De Carli: Speed there.
54:03:270Michele De Carli: pumps, okay? Today, we work with diabetic pumps, okay? Because, of course, the engines, the electric engines, they have
54:15:220Michele De Carli: being developed over the time. Okay, so usually, in principle, usually, most of the time, you can work, you can manage the flow rate, the pressure ahead.
54:30:290Michele De Carli: outside the design condition. So, this is the design condition, okay? But then.
54:36:630Michele De Carli: during the operation of the circuit, as you will see, okay, the curve can change. So, if the curve changes, okay, usually you can, okay, set… by setting the speed of the pump, you
54:54:330Michele De Carli: Are… you can follow, okay, the change in the curve in other operation.
55:04:150Michele De Carli: times, okay?
55:07:920Michele De Carli: In large… in large applications, okay.
55:13:510Michele De Carli: you can provide, I mean, you can use,
55:20:330Michele De Carli: pumps in series, in case you… they change.
55:25:440Michele De Carli: You can, in case of, let's say, large application, in case of a high variability of, in this case, of pressure head, okay.
55:37:90Michele De Carli: you can work with Parkinson's, in case, it's not really He's not the name.
55:45:280Michele De Carli: Right.
55:47:190Michele De Carli: frequent, okay. Most frequent is that you could work in parallel, okay? So in, in case you had,
55:56:620Michele De Carli: you might have in some applications where you have a huge range of flow rate, okay? Then, in this case, you could work with pumps in parallel, okay? Pumps in parallel, which means that when you are going below the limit.
56:15:820Michele De Carli: of one pump for the fluoride, then…
56:20:410Michele De Carli: Sorry, when you go above that.
56:22:320Michele De Carli: Or, let's say, design flow rate, when you go below a certain value, if you work with two pumps, you can switch off
56:31:30Michele De Carli: one pump, okay, and work with the other one by modulating. So in this case, you can modulate, okay, you can modulate the flow rate, over a wider range. Okay, this is for large applications, especially, not usually in
56:45:60Michele De Carli: I want to mention that usually you
56:49:780Michele De Carli: you might have, for large applications, anyway, two pumps in parallel, okay? So, in some applications, you can see two pumps in parallel, but usually.
56:59:670Michele De Carli: They are used, okay, one, in, okay, to have redundancy, okay, not to work with paralleled pumps, okay, so usually you work with redundancy in order, so if you have that, you need to make some maintenance of one pump, you can help with the other.
57:19:270Michele De Carli: Okay? Without interrupting the kicking and cooling, remember of the participating, right?
57:31:280Michele De Carli: Are you hungry.
57:33:420Michele De Carli: All right, yes, which are the, last but not least, okay, which are the recommended values of the, of the, of the,
57:47:370Michele De Carli: prorate, okay? So, here, okay, this is a sketch where it represents a good rule, okay?
57:56:840Michele De Carli: For, the selection. Okay, so usually, the best, of course, the best would be to work with
58:06:40Michele De Carli: 100% of the,
58:10:340Michele De Carli: of the recommended prorate, okay? But you can have, like, a satisfactionary selection range, and a third selection range. So usually, it's better
58:23:190Michele De Carli: to work with partial prorated, okay, more than exceeding the recommended value of the pumps.
58:33:620Michele De Carli: Okay, so, the best would be to work at 100% of the recommended value, but in principle, it's still okay, it's still fine, okay?
58:46:690Michele De Carli: to work within the 85% of the prorate and the 105% of prorate, okay? It might be not fine, but okay, to work, with
59:05:340Michele De Carli: With a smaller percentage, so down to 66%.
59:11:300Michele De Carli: For the flow rate, and not… Greater than 150… 15% of
59:18:590Michele De Carli: Okay, so in principle, these are…
59:21:450Michele De Carli: general rules for selecting the occasion. I mean, usually, this is… the optimal would be to work within 85 and…
59:31:770Michele De Carli: Goodbye.
59:33:70Michele De Carli: If you go a little below, it is, not perfect, but it's okay, okay? So this is the, let's say, the optimal integer, okay? And this is the…
59:45:160Michele De Carli: Areas that keep that candy.
59:47:910Michele De Carli: consider that okay. All right?
59:52:750Michele De Carli: So… See you later.
00:10:690Michele De Carli: Beautiful.