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00:16:470Michele De Carli: Okay, so, as I was… see?
00:23:390Michele De Carli: As I was, as I was saying, okay, we're going to see the first, let's say, part, the first…
00:30:510Michele De Carli: family, okay, of the emission… water-based emission solutions, okay, which are the,
00:42:790Michele De Carli: network connection, emission system. And these are radiators, pink oils or baseboard heat, okay?
00:51:520Michele De Carli: Different, same family, okay? And conventional heating systems, as we see.
00:57:710Michele De Carli: Okay, let's start with radiators, okay, and… Let's start with the remitters.
01:05:620Michele De Carli: So, regatters, do you have them here? Okay.
01:11:400Michele De Carli: They are, let's… as I told you, they are the most, the most common solution for heating, at least until the 2000…
01:22:520Michele De Carli: By 2010, okay?
01:24:960Michele De Carli: They are, of course, they can be used just for heating, okay, so it's not possible to cool the building with the radiators, okay, and that is because
01:37:610Michele De Carli: The, you cannot go below the… the condensation temperature, okay? The deepoint temperature, sorry, the deep point temperature, which means that,
01:48:370Michele De Carli: They, the…
01:50:650Michele De Carli: The heat exchange rate that you can have between the water and the room is negligible, okay, so it's just fuel.
02:00:260Michele De Carli: few watts, okay? Few hundred watts that you usually need.
02:05:210Michele De Carli: More power to cool down below.
02:07:840Michele De Carli: It's, of course based on water, okay, and, what is, you can… you can have this solution also, with,
02:20:630Michele De Carli: with, coupled with, resistances, okay? Especially, if you want to hit the summer land, one room, and, keeping the heating,
02:36:590Michele De Carli: system off, okay, and usually this is just for bathrooms, okay, so you can switch on the resistance in the radiator in order to pick up just the bathroom, if you want to have a shower, and so on.
02:51:440Michele De Carli: And, of course, these are the typical, okay, the typical,
03:00:600Michele De Carli: the typical components that you have. The irrigator is this, okay? Also, this is the irrigator. Here, we have, usually on top, you have a big vent, okay?
03:11:660Michele De Carli: a big, sorry, event, big day, okay, to, to, to urge the air, which, can be, of course, which can,
03:27:180Michele De Carli: Which can be present in the upper part of the… of the… of the…
03:33:80Michele De Carli: Of the circuit, okay. And, and of course, you have these two beds, which could be shut off, okay, in order.
03:44:740Michele De Carli: For instance, if you have to do some case, you know.
03:50:560Michele De Carli: You close these two days, and you can, okay, purchase a little bit for me.
03:59:110Michele De Carli: New model, okay?
04:03:560Michele De Carli: As you can see, okay, it's a modular solution, so you can see that there are… all these are elements, okay, and they are usually,
04:14:540Michele De Carli: merge together.
04:17:79Michele De Carli: And, and, of course.
04:20:550Michele De Carli: The, the, the, in this case, okay, this element, are, let's say,
04:29:100Michele De Carli: proposed by four columns, okay, so you can see that there are four elements. Each element is proposed by four of the same
04:38:580Michele De Carli: Let me last 4 pounds, okay.
04:41:90Michele De Carli: And, in this aft… sorry, sometimes, okay, you could have… in this case, you could use a special rate called thermostatic weight. We are going to see how it works, okay?
04:55:360Michele De Carli: In order to control the opening or closing of the regita, okay?
05:01:240Michele De Carli: Yes, here, this is the… these are the typical solutions, okay? It has, in this case here, okay, this is custom item, okay? This is 5 columns, okay, so you can see that there are 5 columns. Here, we have 4 columns.
05:16:940Michele De Carli: And…
05:19:390Michele De Carli: You can use a steel sheet, okay. Again, you can… here you can see how the elements, okay, are made and how they can put together, okay?
05:30:60Michele De Carli: They can be in aluminium, okay, or they can be with, flat, elements, okay?
05:40:790Michele De Carli: either smooth or, let's say, with vertical cutness, okay? So you can see here, okay, that you have, like, this, small chapness, okay, that design.
05:54:140Michele De Carli: that are here, okay? And how does it work? Basically, okay, the water enters here, okay? The… the… the… you have the two large volumes, okay, on top and on the bottom.
06:13:450Michele De Carli: And in this case, they act as a manifold, okay, so they distribute the water.
06:19:120Michele De Carli: And then the water is going on the space, the bottom part of the radiator, okay? And again, you have your money for that, and the water, I must include perspective for the
06:33:170Michele De Carli: In the sun, okay?
06:35:80Michele De Carli: And… of course, yeah, water is entering here, it's distributing the radiator, and of course.
06:45:270Michele De Carli: During the target, if it changes with the heat and release the heat to it, okay?
06:54:420Michele De Carli: Usually they are, as you can see here, they are located
06:59:680Michele De Carli: on, a niche, okay, in the… below the… the… the…
07:06:250Michele De Carli: Below the window, okay. But, I mean, in principle, they can also put… oh, sorry, I didn't…
07:15:370Michele De Carli: Activate the pen, okay. So usually they are put below the window, okay?
07:20:320Michele De Carli: And, but they can also, okay, I mean, despite this, this diagram, okay, they can also put, on other, positions in the room, especially if you have larger rooms, okay? Usually, this is the most typical solution for, let's say.
07:39:720Michele De Carli: not very wide rooms, okay? And there is also a principle in… which is, let's say, trying to make the room, the distribution of the air, okay, more, let's say, more,
07:59:190Michele De Carli: more uniform, okay, in that boat, I would say, in the occupied area, okay?
08:05:580Michele De Carli: But let's say that you can also install these elements, okay, in the room, even if they are far away from the window, okay? It doesn't really affect that much, okay? There is not a huge convection, so this is…
08:19:620Michele De Carli: a little bit exaggerated, okay, but this is the usual, the usual. Usually, you do that because in many cases, okay, this space is anonymous, okay, so,
08:32:580Michele De Carli: We wouldn't use cutting aids.
08:34:780Michele De Carli: below the windows, usually you would not use this space at all, okay, because usually not those who open the window or something. So, it is basically more for, let's say,
08:51:370Michele De Carli: Kind of simplicity more than, exactly for this, okay, for this… reason, okay? So,
09:02:520Michele De Carli: This is not completely true.
09:04:620Michele De Carli: What is important, to highlight, okay, and this is here for the radiator, is their efficiency, okay? So.
09:16:760Michele De Carli: We were… we will not look
09:19:660Michele De Carli: at the energy efficiency alligators, okay, so we are not going to look at
09:26:960Michele De Carli: at how they perform over one year, okay? So we would love to consider
09:33:170Michele De Carli: the… as you can see here, the heat losses, because this is part of energy force, okay? This is important when you have to…
09:42:920Michele De Carli: evaluate the energy performance of a building, okay? But here we will talk about it just sizing, okay? So here we are going to see how to choose how to select this device, okay, as we see in the
10:00:410Michele De Carli: In few slides, okay? But, this is just to show you, okay, that in principle, the radiators are, let's say, are,
10:13:50Michele De Carli: they present some inefficiency, okay? And… but not… as we will see, also the radiant system, all the emission systems, okay? They are… they present some inefficiencies, okay? Why? Because
10:27:930Michele De Carli: Because they are heat exchangers, okay, and they are not perfect. So, basically, here you can see the two main, effects, okay, which are affecting
10:41:60Michele De Carli: the efficiency already. Okay, so, first of all, okay, is,
10:49:40Michele De Carli: Since they work on the biasing effort, since they work on convection, method of convection, they
10:56:680Michele De Carli: The air which is, which is heated up by the radiator, of course, we'll,
11:09:150Michele De Carli: decrease the density.
11:11:590Michele De Carli: And, we'll, go on top of the room, okay?
11:16:110Michele De Carli: And, and then, okay, well, similar as what we have seen here, okay, so we can see that in the top part of the room, you have temperatures which are above the 20 degrees C, okay, that you might have in the occupied area, okay?
11:33:290Michele De Carli: What does it mean? It means that, basically, if you want to keep 20 degrees C in the occupied area, okay.
11:39:490Michele De Carli: then you will probably have 21, 22, 23, okay, degrees C on the top of the room.
11:46:760Michele De Carli: Okay? Of course, the greater the temperature of the water in the ventilator, the temperature.
11:54:930Michele De Carli: Okay? And, what does it mean? It means that, basically.
12:03:720Michele De Carli: whichever type of calculation you use, okay, either with the degree day, as you are going to do in this course, or if you're doing dynamic simulations, as you have done with Energy+, in any case, your calculations are based
12:21:240Michele De Carli: on 20 degrees C on the room. And you usually consider a uniform temperature, or 20 degrees C in Belta.
12:29:810Michele De Carli: But actually, we have that 20 degrees are just, okay, are just, the…
12:39:580Michele De Carli: Is the temperature that you might have in the occupied air.
12:43:60Michele De Carli: On top of the people, you might have 22, 23, let's say, from 22 to 28 degrees C, okay?
12:50:720Michele De Carli: Also depends on the… envelope of the building, okay? The better the insulation.
12:59:210Michele De Carli: the better the insulation, the smaller the heating load, the smaller the temperature of the rope, okay? So it is a column of this, of this. In any case, it means that basically, in one part of the room, okay, so let's say…
13:15:750Michele De Carli: top part of the room, you will have high energy toxis, because the temperature
13:21:260Michele De Carli: defense will be not anymore 20 times, but too much of…
13:25:560Michele De Carli: So, 23, 25 years, and outside 10.
13:29:290Michele De Carli: And this is an extra loss, okay? Extra heat flow, extra loss.
13:33:900Michele De Carli: Okay, and of course, this is a loss of the hippies, okay?
13:39:820Michele De Carli: I want to remind that all the heating systems, they could present this kind of loss, okay? The certification. Certification could be, greater or lower, okay, but you will have a certification.
13:58:60Michele De Carli: Also, okay, and this is the transportation. The other effort is related to the fact that here, as you can see.
14:07:20Michele De Carli: In this case, you have the derivator is this niche, okay, and you have the outer, the outer, world, okay?
14:19:450Michele De Carli: And, as you can see here.
14:23:660Michele De Carli: Okay, usually you have even a reduction of the… of the… of the thickness of the wall, okay, in order to host the radiator, okay?
14:34:810Michele De Carli: And, in this case, what happens? It happens that when the radiator heats up, when you switch on the radio system, the water is heating out of the radiator, the radiator is heating up. Of course, it will release heat. It releases heat by convection and radiation, okay?
14:55:400Michele De Carli: But radiation and convection
14:57:980Michele De Carli: part of the heat will, okay, grow in the rear part, okay, so we grow in each the wall, the outer wall.
15:07:850Michele De Carli: Not all the heat will be lost, okay, because usually you heat up the heat, and then you switch it off. When you switch it off, then the heat… part of the heat will be… the heat with…
15:19:470Michele De Carli: rejected back to the… to the room, but part of the… of the load… part of the load, part of the heating, part of the load, will be… will go outside, okay, will go to the outer, to the outer environment.
15:36:690Michele De Carli: And in this case, okay, you have also an extra fluid. Usually, this is called the embedded or embodied energy, okay? Embedded or embodied…
15:48:660Michele De Carli: Energy.
15:50:350Michele De Carli: J.
15:53:940Michele De Carli: And this is part of the loss, okay?
16:04:330Michele De Carli: This is not only for the radiators, but let's say these are the two, let's say, these are the two, let's say, two ways to lose…
16:12:520Michele De Carli: Okay? So, there is a third type of loss, which is related to how well you can control the temperature in the room.
16:22:10Michele De Carli: or if you can control the temperature room by room, right? But let's say… and this is the control efficiency, okay, an efficiency due to the control logic that you use in…
16:35:440Michele De Carli: movie.
16:36:340Michele De Carli: Okay, so we will not talk about that anymore, okay?
16:40:790Michele De Carli: Of course, what you, as you can imagine, okay, as you can feel.
16:47:30Michele De Carli: The lower the temperature that is used in the radiators, the lower will be the losses, okay? Because the smaller the water of the temperature into the radiator, the smaller will be the stratification, and the smaller will be the extra heat flow that you have.
17:04:520Michele De Carli: Rolling the doors, okay?
17:07:89Michele De Carli: And…
17:08:920Michele De Carli: And that's… so we won't talk about that, okay, but I wanted to mention that, because this is then… this, let's say, extra energy, this losses of energy then has to be calculated when you have to do the energy performance calculation of the beating.
17:28:500Michele De Carli: Okay? But we won't look at that.
17:32:100Michele De Carli: Any, anymore, okay?
17:35:710Michele De Carli: All right, so, sorry, just to, just to mention, this is part of the work that you have to do when you have to, let's say, when you have to size and design a build an HVAC, okay.
17:49:30Michele De Carli: but is something that is not strictly related to the design, okay? So in the design, you have just to calculate how much power the building needs, okay?
17:59:170Michele De Carli: Or the room needs, and then you have to, let's say, select
18:08:550Michele De Carli: We have to work.
18:12:790Michele De Carli: With this equation, or you have to choose the proper emission system, okay, which is providing you the
18:24:80Michele De Carli: big, okay?
18:30:560Michele De Carli: Okay.
18:31:560Michele De Carli: So here, you have a… coming back to what I told you about how it works, okay, here you have a sketch, you have a slide, where you can see the
18:43:580Michele De Carli: some typical patterns of temperature distribution in the radiant. Okay, so here you see, this is a radiator which is not that…
18:55:390Michele De Carli: not very different from this one here, okay? It's an albuminum, again, but the principle is the same, okay, so…
19:02:990Michele De Carli: As I was mentioning, okay, here.
19:05:680Michele De Carli: You have that the water is entering here, okay?
19:10:660Michele De Carli: No, I think it's a different editor, but I don't know. I have no idea. Anyway, doesn't matter.
19:15:170Michele De Carli: Yeah, the water is underneath here, here you can see the waves, okay, which are…
19:21:620Michele De Carli: There, okay. So yeah, that the water enters here, okay.
19:29:60Michele De Carli: Where this acts as a manifold, high manifold, then the water go in the different columns, okay?
19:39:160Michele De Carli: And by flowing.
19:41:830Michele De Carli: Okay, it cools down, so it releases the heat, it cools down, and then you have the return manifold, okay, here.
19:52:610Michele De Carli: And water is going to the… back to the… to the power, to the generation system.
19:59:20Michele De Carli: This is the usual way, okay? This is the usual way you
20:06:400Michele De Carli: you distribute the water, the best would be to have the supply on the top part of the radiator.
20:15:640Michele De Carli: And the return, then down, okay?
20:19:120Michele De Carli: For, let's say, simplicity, it would be better to work with, with two pipes, okay?
20:32:250Michele De Carli: to one close to another, so you can see we put that in kind of column, okay, so then…
20:37:400Michele De Carli: In this case, you can see this solution. But it might be, depending on how you do the circuit, okay, it might be that you can also, okay, work like this. Or, for instance, if the radiator is
20:51:110Michele De Carli: on, on, in a corridor, okay? As, for instance, you can see them in, in front of,
20:59:100Michele De Carli: And… Juan? Okay, maybe both.
21:04:680Michele De Carli: Okay? Since the water is circulating on the floor, okay, in this case, you have that the supply and return are not on the bottom part of the radiator, okay? So in this case, it will anyway distribute here somehow, okay, and you might have some shortcut, okay, but
21:22:690Michele De Carli: You don't mind, okay? Anne?
21:27:800Michele De Carli: And this is how you can use the low-eating system. Usually, we prefer to use the
21:36:380Michele De Carli: If you have a radium floor system, you don't use the lead.
21:41:650Michele De Carli: Well, you might use them in case… in case… as you will see, okay, you can use them as additional heating systems, okay?
21:52:770Michele De Carli: For instance, if you have large glazing, if you can wet in severe cold climates with large glazing elements, okay.
22:01:640Michele De Carli: with the radiant flow, as we received, you cannot go above a certain temperature, okay? So if the power needed in the building, okay, in extreme conditions.
22:17:600Michele De Carli: could not be faced by the radium system, okay, then you could add some additional integrations, okay, auxiliary.
22:28:800Michele De Carli: the insistent as the rotator. So in this case, you could use, yes, in this case, in this case, this would be the solution.
22:36:10Michele De Carli: Sorry? No, in front of… in the corridor, in front of M2, okay, if you go. Because you have… because there is… the pipes are on the floor.
22:52:730Michele De Carli: And you have just the laced elements, and you have the pillars, okay? So the structural pillars, the circular… and the system is done in this way.
23:09:590Michele De Carli: As we see, okay, as we see, when you have to integrate the Radeon
23:15:430Michele De Carli: floor with the… with the… with the radiator, okay, you can select a different solution, as we see. Okay, you can use the conductor solution, okay, as we see.
23:27:920Michele De Carli: Okay, this is the typical system that you use in bathrooms. Bathrooms?
23:36:390Michele De Carli: Since usually you don't, you don't, you cannot reach the full heating load in the lateral with the radiant system, okay, usually
23:49:220Michele De Carli: you use an additional… you use the regulator, okay, which is… in Thailand is called Scalna Saliette, okay, which is also
23:56:990Michele De Carli: Okay, quite comfortable to put the… to… driving.
24:03:760Michele De Carli: That one yet.
24:08:270Michele De Carli: This is usually a tubular solution, okay, as you can see here. And this is, okay, how it works.
24:17:10Michele De Carli: You can see, by the way, that in this case, okay, the…
24:25:740Michele De Carli: the temperature, okay, this is orange, okay, so it means that you can see that it works with low temperatures, okay, at around 40 degrees C, okay, so which means that…
24:37:910Michele De Carli: Again, it depends on the quality of the envelope, okay, but you can work at lower temperature for the radiator, okay, in case of
24:49:340Michele De Carli: Even in… okay.
24:53:230Michele De Carli: You can work with low temperature internet.
24:56:380Michele De Carli: Okay?
25:00:600Michele De Carli: As we will see, anyway, you are the designer, you are going to decide which is the temperature level of the water in the system, okay? I would like to mention that you have to… on one side.
25:16:700Michele De Carli: You have to choose the size at the end of the narrator, okay?
25:22:240Michele De Carli: On the other side, you have to choose the average temperature of the water. So you are the designer, you're going to choose the… you're going to choose the water temperature supply, water temperature of the…
25:37:730Michele De Carli: Of the radiator. Or, in general, of the mission system.
25:43:40Michele De Carli: Okay, so…
25:45:690Michele De Carli: Now, how can we define the thermal output of a radiator? Okay, so now we have seen more or less on this variable.
25:58:410Michele De Carli: Let's have a look at what is the thermal output of this system. So, which is the power delivered by the system, okay? Because at the end, we need to couple the power of the… which is emitted, which is emitted by the system, with the heating load that we are calculating.
26:16:750Michele De Carli: Okay? And these two, they have to be decided.
26:20:690Michele De Carli: Okay, so QR is the power of… which is, released by the radiator, okay.
26:29:960Michele De Carli: The power released of the… by the radiator, okay.
26:33:990Michele De Carli: It depends on the, let's say, geometry of the red inter.
26:39:860Michele De Carli: There might be also some, there might be also some effect of the finishing material, the painting, okay, that usually…
26:49:550Michele De Carli: the… the emission… the visibility of the… of the radiator is granular, okay, so it's 0.9, so it's…
26:59:430Michele De Carli: Okay, it's, it's, quite usual, okay? There might be some finishing materials which are, let's say, having a smaller, emissivity, okay?
27:11:30Michele De Carli: But in principle, let's say that it is basically depending on the job.
27:21:150Michele De Carli: Please make sure I'm pretty confident.
27:23:460Michele De Carli: Okay?
27:24:460Michele De Carli: Now, what happens?
27:30:20Michele De Carli: We can consider the…
27:37:450Michele De Carli: So the difference between a sweeter mode and the rich temperature with the water in a heat exchanger, okay.
27:44:550Michele De Carli: And the room temperature.
27:46:630Michele De Carli: Okay, don't tempto.
27:48:550Michele De Carli: And of course, it is characterized by the geometry, Okay, so…
27:55:230Michele De Carli: by the material, usually it's a metal material, so…
27:59:870Michele De Carli: conductive point of view, where have you seen that? Okay.
28:03:560Michele De Carli: And we have to consider the variable surface, okay, of the system. As you can see.
28:11:340Michele De Carli: It is an almost common solution, but you can see by…
28:16:570Michele De Carli: imagine, okay, that the shape of this solution is done in a way that you are trying to optimize, okay, the geometry, the surface, the available surface that you have outside, okay, in order to transmit
28:34:390Michele De Carli: As much as you can.
28:36:130Michele De Carli: However, I don't mention, Okay?
28:44:560Michele De Carli: Okay, so let's say that at the end, you have the overall heat exchange coefficient.
28:52:410Michele De Carli: Okay, which is in watts per square meter per county.
28:56:120Michele De Carli: You have the outer surface, which is square meter.
29:00:900Michele De Carli: And the temperature difference between the water and the wind.
29:05:250Michele De Carli: Okay?
29:06:490Michele De Carli: And, of course.
29:08:320Michele De Carli: watts per square meter per Kelvin times the area times the delta T in Kelvin, then you have the power of this by the system, okay?
29:18:580Michele De Carli: Now, what is the particular effect, or what is the… the… how can we, let's say, how can we, define the heat transfer in… between the water and the… Well, basically, we can consider
29:32:780Michele De Carli: a series of resistances, okay? We can consider three resistances, as we usually do with electric changes. A, we can consider the connectivity transfer partition of the water inside of the
29:44:740Michele De Carli: Of the, of the, of the radiator.
29:48:320Michele De Carli: We can consider the conduction Resistance, okay, through the case of the radiator.
29:56:70Michele De Carli: And of course, we have to consider then, then, into the room, we have to combine the, conventional and resolution, okay,
30:07:410Michele De Carli: we can simplify even the radiation again by linearizing the problem, okay? So, considering… a sort of,
30:16:880Michele De Carli: Sometimes it has a coefficient for,
30:20:800Michele De Carli: radiant heat transfer coefficient, okay, and also the convective surface transfer coefficient. As we have said.
30:31:720Michele De Carli: When we talked about today, Overall.
30:37:660Michele De Carli: surface coefficient heat transfer coefficient that we had, or maybe it is, okay, we can increase it or consider that the radiant heat transfer coefficient is constant, okay, but in this case, the convective heat transfer coefficient
30:54:300Michele De Carli: Depends on the temperature that we have on the… on the… on the,
31:06:410Michele De Carli: on the outer surface of the linear, okay? So, let's say that the ex… and of course, if we have to make a comparison between these three resistances, okay, the,
31:23:670Michele De Carli: that… Maine.
31:26:430Michele De Carli: Resistances are the internal transfer coefficient, okay, but this can be, let's say, considered fixed, because we learned
31:35:140Michele De Carli: Probably almost…
31:37:110Michele De Carli: constant velocity, okay, or it would X. We could consider, in principle, constant velocity inside of the… in the water, okay? So, the internal text position is
31:50:30Michele De Carli: of course, effective heat exchanger, the overall heat transfer, okay? But let's say that this can be considered constant, okay? The external heat exchange coefficient is, of course, the most variable level, because here we have the greater
32:09:140Michele De Carli: This is such a great… When we consider the altered
32:14:190Michele De Carli: the heat transfer resistance, the, the, sorry, the thermal resistance between the outer surface of the radiator and the room, okay?
32:25:960Michele De Carli: And most of all, okay, I told you, the radiant… it can be subdivided into radiant part and convective part, okay?
32:36:210Michele De Carli: For the radiant in transfer coefficient, we can have, again, consider 5.5 watts per square meter per cap, which we have seen. It is a linearization, a simplification of the
32:49:80Michele De Carli: Infrared transfer phenomenon, okay?
32:51:910Michele De Carli: But the mo… the most critical point is that, the…
32:58:310Michele De Carli: The, the, the temperature, the, which, of the.
33:04:980Michele De Carli: of the case, the outer temperature of the case, okay, is,
33:11:620Michele De Carli: Affecting the, the velocity of the air, okay, natural convection, and the heat transfer coefficient
33:22:780Michele De Carli: By natural convection of the outer surface.
33:28:60Michele De Carli: It's a function of surface and air, okay?
33:31:810Michele De Carli: So, in principle, you have to imagine that for each radiator.
33:36:910Michele De Carli: But if these e-commerce, you should consider the geometry of this model data.
33:41:680Michele De Carli: And then you have to do a recursive calculation, okay? So imagine that you know the outer
33:48:660Michele De Carli: Surface of the… of the… of the radiator, okay?
33:52:370Michele De Carli: And then there's once, even if the producer will provide you the outer surface of the editor, okay.
34:00:700Michele De Carli: then you should calculate, you should make an iterative calculation, okay? It's not that much, two, three times, okay, in order to have, to reach the
34:13:429Michele De Carli: the, the, the, the, the…
34:18:340Michele De Carli: the competitive task good feature, and once you
34:22:360Michele De Carli: reach the convert to the transfer coefficient, then you have the overall heat transfer, okay?
34:27:620Michele De Carli: calculation through the regulator, okay?
34:33:690Michele De Carli: It is a way to make an estimation of the K… of the… of the…
34:40:560Michele De Carli: of the… of the only transfer coefficient of the radiator, okay.
34:45:880Michele De Carli: But… You can see what, what, what can you see, what can you see. You can see that
34:53:810Michele De Carli: These are all notifications.
34:55:719Michele De Carli: It is a modular solution. So… Why don't we estimate for each… Of the small group.
35:08:120Michele De Carli: Not in a… not in a, calculated way, not by calculations, but what…
35:16:520Michele De Carli: What do you think if we can instead,
35:21:140Michele De Carli: consider one of these elements, we put in a testing chapter, okay? Certified, standardizer.
35:30:60Michele De Carli: chamber, and we are then, by proceeding,
35:36:240Michele De Carli: standardized temperature, okay, the water. We can, in this chamber, measure the
35:43:970Michele De Carli: permal output of this element, okay?
35:49:260Michele De Carli: for the designer, it would be good, okay? Because in this case.
35:55:480Michele De Carli: you were just to… I mean, you can choose among the different elements that you have, okay, and you know
36:04:90Michele De Carli: that with a certain temperature of the water inside of the radiator, you could have a certain power by each air, okay? And that is, of course, a possibility.
36:15:260Michele De Carli: But what happens? That, of course, we said that by
36:19:960Michele De Carli: Considering that different temperatures of the water inside, We will have different.
36:27:00Michele De Carli: the transfer coefficient by convection, okay? We will have different
36:32:150Michele De Carli: It, depends over the passive coefficient.
36:37:240Michele De Carli: And, of course.
36:41:140Michele De Carli: What we could do, okay, we can, have… we can test the radiator with different temperature zones.
36:51:470Michele De Carli: And we can, okay, at the end, derive, okay, a curve, okay, which is describing the thermal output of the radiator.
37:02:680Michele De Carli: Okay, as the heat transfer, like, with a constant value, which is called radiator model constant, AN,
37:16:750Michele De Carli: and by a suitable exponent, okay, N,
37:21:220Michele De Carli: Which is then the variable part of the heat exchange that we have, because by having heat parameters.
37:29:950Michele De Carli: temperatures of the case will be, like, different attacks for position, like…
37:37:700Michele De Carli: So this is the way you can do that. Of course, in the… in the… in the past, okay, there has been work, the irrigators are…
37:48:820Michele De Carli: They appeared in market a long, long time ago, okay? So, there was… there is, still, a well-established standard, okay? This is a product standard for deradators, okay? It's called EM442, okay? So, this standard, this standard,
38:06:970Michele De Carli: If you…
38:08:40Michele De Carli: If you want to produce radiators, if you want to sell radiators, okay, you have to deliver the different
38:17:690Michele De Carli: elements that you're producing, okay?
38:20:360Michele De Carli: You are sending this element into this certified Laboratory, okay?
38:28:480Michele De Carli: And they test these elements in a room which is 4x4 by 3, okay? Of course, it is kept under well-defined condition, okay? So, 20 degrees C, okay? It's a uniform temperature of 20 degrees C.
38:44:360Michele De Carli: Okay, and what the, what are the,
38:49:570Michele De Carli: the… how are these tests made? They are made with different temperatures of the world in the…
38:56:20Michele De Carli: pool that day.
38:58:780Michele De Carli: Elements? Okay.
39:00:500Michele De Carli: And according to the thermal output that you have, they are building the
39:06:660Michele De Carli: This curve, okay, which is a constant of variant.
39:12:10Michele De Carli: And an exponent. What do we use for the… which is the average… what is the temperature that we use inside the elevator? We use
39:22:520Michele De Carli: the arithmetic average, the mean temperature between supply and return. Okay, so…
39:29:240Michele De Carli: We use, okay, the average. The temperature, which is the mean temperature, average temperature between supply and demand.
39:38:970Michele De Carli: Okay, so in this case, if we have bought that business, right?
40:05:560Michele De Carli: If we are… if we have water between 65 or 75 degrees C, Amen, okay?
40:15:510Michele De Carli: And, 75… sorry, 75 has supplied, and 65 has victory.
40:22:570Michele De Carli: Then, the average temperature drop below.
40:26:730Michele De Carli: Let me read certain opinions.
40:28:670Michele De Carli: Okay?
40:29:760Michele De Carli: And then, we can reduce the temperature.
40:33:530Michele De Carli: For instance, at 50 degrees C as average, okay, or even less, okay? So usually, you build up, you, depending on the average temperature of the water, okay.
40:48:770Michele De Carli: Yeah, the QR, okay, and the QR… Okay, they're fine. They… The, the…
40:59:160Michele De Carli: And this is defined by a K.
41:02:580Michele De Carli: M, okay, a constant.
41:05:100Michele De Carli: and an exponent factor. This is the usual way you can… The… Thermal output?
41:15:860Michele De Carli: Ease decline?
41:17:580Michele De Carli: by standard.
41:22:650Michele De Carli: In standard conditions, With this average local patterns.
41:29:150Michele De Carli: So, each element?
41:31:30Michele De Carli: Okay?
41:32:340Michele De Carli: East.
41:36:30Michele De Carli: Releasing a certain power, okay?
41:40:140Michele De Carli: The declared power by manufacturer is tested in the rule.
41:45:380Michele De Carli: And is, okay, related to this temperature of 70 degrees C as average temperature on the road.
41:51:750Michele De Carli: Okay? So… This is an example. In this case, we have 3 columns, okay?
41:59:540Michele De Carli: So you can see that, of course, you need the geometry, okay? You can see you have… you need the row dimension of the literal, okay?
42:11:160Michele De Carli: And ORCO also, okay, you have the… They…
42:16:420Michele De Carli: the distance between the two, let's say, manifolds, as I told you, okay, so the… the two centers of the, of this…
42:25:570Michele De Carli: Sql elements, okay.
42:29:210Michele De Carli: You can see, okay, this producer provides different
42:36:250Michele De Carli: For 3 columns, right? Then you can have 4 columns.
42:40:360Michele De Carli: 5 columns, okay, but you can see. Yeah, for 3 columns, you can see you have different…
42:46:10Michele De Carli: Heights? Okay, I will try to… Use another color, maybe blue.
42:52:90Michele De Carli: Okay? So you have different heights, okay?
43:01:490Michele De Carli: And, you can see, this is the… nominal power.
43:06:610Michele De Carli: Okay?
43:08:690Michele De Carli: So, this nominal power, so 3…
43:11:210Michele De Carli: 300 minutes, so 30 seconds height, okay?
43:14:710Michele De Carli: It is providing 32.2 watts, okay?
43:20:30Michele De Carli: when you have 50… when you have 70 degrees C inside and 20 degrees outside. So, 50 degrees temperature, difference between the water at each temperature and the warm temperature.
43:33:70Michele De Carli: Okay?
43:34:330Michele De Carli: For instance, if you are considering 1 meter
43:38:460Michele De Carli: of element, okay, in this case, you have around about 100 watts.
43:43:820Michele De Carli: Okay?
43:44:980Michele De Carli: Okay, so… 30 seconds, so… Imagine that you need
43:53:350Michele De Carli: 500 watts, okay? 600 watts, okay?
43:59:610Michele De Carli: 600 watts in the room, okay? So you could use 20 elements on 3 columns, okay, so it means
44:08:500Michele De Carli: They don't get an impact smoother.
44:12:210Michele De Carli: Or 6 elements of 1 meter.
44:20:130Michele De Carli: At the end is the surface, okay? This is the surface, the broad surface, okay?
44:25:810Michele De Carli: So, maybe the, the, the 33 columns, okay, could be interesting, for instance, here, Thank you for it.
44:34:720Michele De Carli: Larger water, larger, wrap, okay.
44:39:380Michele De Carli: It depends on the site that you have… on the space that you have available.
44:43:440Michele De Carli: Okay, N.
44:49:00Michele De Carli: You see, you have… this is the nominal.
44:53:280Michele De Carli: But then you have KN, so the consent.
44:56:890Michele De Carli: Value, right?
44:59:130Michele De Carli: and the exponent M.
45:02:390Michele De Carli: Okay, and of course, you can see… as…
45:06:40Michele De Carli: this written in previous slide. Usually, the exponent is within 1.2 and 1.4.
45:13:140Michele De Carli: Okay?
45:15:40Michele De Carli: So you can see, yeah, the differential.
45:19:10Michele De Carli: Okay.
45:21:900Michele De Carli: Of course, it is important also to wait, because you can see that you have to
45:27:450Michele De Carli: Then you have to… they need to be suspended, okay, so we need to hang them, okay?
45:35:680Michele De Carli: And, also, The weight is not only… this is the weight of the metal, okay, of the case.
45:47:970Michele De Carli: But then you need to consider also the weight of the water. The water, which is also weight.
45:53:750Michele De Carli: At the end? Yes, please?
45:55:220Michele De Carli: Just at least do this just for one hand, or… Yeah, for this. Posit three hands. Oh, three. Okay.
46:03:190Michele De Carli: You… Of course, you might have even 4, 5 elements, okay? So, it depends.
46:12:190Michele De Carli: You can have different types of sequence.
46:15:900Michele De Carli: And you can combine, okay, if, for instance, you need more power, you will probably use more air.
46:23:370Michele De Carli: Right?
46:24:280Michele De Carli: Because we are increasing the depth and increasing the surface.
46:28:910Michele De Carli: Okay?
46:29:810Michele De Carli: And?
46:34:680Michele De Carli: Why do you need also the content of water?
46:41:620Michele De Carli: You suggest them?
46:45:410Michele De Carli: What do you need? The content of water.
46:49:230Michele De Carli: What? How does the book.
46:51:600Michele De Carli: Sorry?
46:55:340Michele De Carli: The question is, why do we need the content of the water?
47:02:00Michele De Carli: Apart the weight of the, of the, of the system.
47:06:530Michele De Carli: I mean, the ones at 11th?
47:09:580Michele De Carli: It's a non-gorithm.
47:11:490Michele De Carli: in the world.
47:13:140Michele De Carli: Yeah, but why we need the liters of water in this? How much? It doesn't matter. This is still water.
47:24:290Michele De Carli: Oh.
47:25:440Michele De Carli: Let's say, under pressure water.
47:29:540Michele De Carli: You cannot say, I mean, have you… Yes?
47:33:460Michele De Carli: Like, we need to fix that, so we need to… There will be, yes. Okay, that is one point, but why should… why do we need… why do we need also to consider the amount of water that you will have in the sea?
47:48:90Michele De Carli: We don't know that, but we will see that, okay? Because…
47:56:450Michele De Carli: Now, the airport.
47:58:320Michele De Carli: When you switch on the heating system, it is not going to be deep, One for the initial.
48:05:300Michele De Carli: This is not… yeah.
48:06:880Michele De Carli: Expansion, okay? And based on the water, or the raw water content that you have in your circuit.
48:15:560Michele De Carli: You will have higher or lower expansion, and you have to size the expansion vessel.
48:21:470Michele De Carli: So in order to size the function vessel, which is the element that is avoiding that the…
48:29:940Michele De Carli: The secret, the entire secret, We're alone.
48:33:820Michele De Carli: explode, okay? Then you need to consider the overall water content in this, which means…
48:43:870Michele De Carli: The water inside of this area, the water inside all the pipes, the water inside the storage system, if you have, and so on. At the end, you have to account all the water which is circulating, or is in volume of water that you have in a…
48:59:760Michele De Carli: Maybe you've been okay, and you will have to…
49:02:950Michele De Carli: Consider the maximum temperature range located, okay?
49:08:480Michele De Carli: Okay, okay, now, how do you size the predictor and choose the… of course.
49:20:920Michele De Carli: You have the room, you have calculated the load of the room, okay.
49:26:940Michele De Carli: And, I'm sorry, I won't… Okay, we will see…
49:35:60Michele De Carli: Okay, I will do that at the end of the… I will show you a PDF, okay, but I will do that later.
49:41:660Michele De Carli: How are you?
49:43:730Michele De Carli: I'm afraid of having some problems as we had last time, okay? So, okay, so…
49:52:440Michele De Carli: The, the good point is that the producer, okay,
49:59:720Michele De Carli: Is providing you the data, okay, the results of each let's see, okay, then… This is okay, because…
50:09:820Michele De Carli: the producer put many elements, and you can have several elements, okay, but it is a finite number, okay, of…
50:18:340Michele De Carli: solutions that you have, okay? So you can consider 3 elements, 4 elements, you want, this kind of radiator, you would like maybe a flat radiator, okay, it depends, okay? So, depending also on the architect, okay, you can… you select the type already.
50:36:600Michele De Carli: They work at Iobilia, Germany.
50:39:660Michele De Carli: Then you have to see how much space, how much room you have, how much space you have in the room, and where to locate to put the data, okay?
50:49:330Michele De Carli: And, then you have the power
50:55:670Michele De Carli: of… which is calculate… which is calculated by U, okay?
51:02:200Michele De Carli: And, of course, you have to, decide a certain temperature and select that. How you select the radiator? Okay, so the radiator is selected this one, okay? You have, well, this is C, okay, KM, okay?
51:34:00Michele De Carli: The nominal is equal to, in this case, C is KM, okay?
51:43:350Michele De Carli: Gay?
51:50:470Michele De Carli: Is it okay?
51:52:500Michele De Carli: Okay, are you comfortable with this prequestion?
51:57:670Michele De Carli: Okay, this is the nominal power, okay, of the
52:02:270Michele De Carli: Of, of a certain name, okay?
52:08:660Michele De Carli: And then… Yes, the extra power, okay?
52:16:40Michele De Carli: The actual power, what is this?
52:19:890Michele De Carli: you don't have to work with 70 degrees as average temperature to do it. You can consider to have 30
52:27:970Michele De Carli: Okay?
52:29:40Michele De Carli: Imagine, for instance, that you're working with radiant floor.
52:37:720Michele De Carli: And the temperature of the radiant floor is, let's say, 35 degrees C of the supply, okay? So, you want to use the radiator in the bathroom.
52:47:680Michele De Carli: But you won't… don't want to increase this temperature that you have, the supply temperature of the negative, okay? Because… because…
52:55:950Michele De Carli: If they…
52:57:480Michele De Carli: The regular floor size is providing you, let's say, 40 degrees, okay? Let's consider 40 degrees, okay? In this case, you have 40 degrees C in supply.
53:10:190Michele De Carli: Why should you work at Halen Thunders?
53:13:680Michele De Carli: This is the temperature that you have supply for the regress system. In the radiator, in the battery, you could use
53:20:640Michele De Carli: 40 grams, 40 degrees C. Supra.
53:24:950Michele De Carli: We could consider 10 degrees as
53:27:600Michele De Carli: compared to difference, okay, so between 14 and degrees C, okay, and maybe here you are at 35 degrees C.
53:36:390Michele De Carli: Okay? Mine is friend.
53:41:00Michele De Carli: 50 degrees C as temperature difference between the average temperature below the water and the room, okay?
53:54:920Michele De Carli: So, your actual power of the element will be Kn.
54:00:320Michele De Carli: The temperature of the water that you will consider, minus 20 degrees C.
54:05:850Michele De Carli: Okay, in this case, 35.
54:08:870Michele De Carli: No, sorry, what is this? 35, yes, okay?
54:13:440Michele De Carli: All right, this is an example. You could have different temperatures. You can change the temperature, okay? You… you are the desire, you select the temperatures.
54:22:410Michele De Carli: And in this case, you could have 30 degree sync.
54:26:620Michele De Carli: So…
54:30:940Michele De Carli: In this case, Okay.
54:36:570Michele De Carli: Big.
54:38:880Michele De Carli: everyone?
54:44:410Michele De Carli: You can calculate it, okay, because… You can calculate it, okay?
54:50:180Michele De Carli: Ayy!
54:51:560Michele De Carli: This is the power that each element delivers at this temperature that you have selected, okay?
55:00:260Michele De Carli: Then.
55:17:470Michele De Carli: You did a calculation in your house. Room by room, you know the power.
55:23:160Michele De Carli: Right?
55:25:660Michele De Carli: So, if this power you divide by the actual power.
55:30:540Michele De Carli: of each element working N35 that we see, Did anyone have the number?
55:36:540Michele De Carli: Or elements that you have to combine in order to release.
55:40:930Michele De Carli: this power into the roof.
55:43:110Michele De Carli: And of course, you run the… Okay.
55:48:30Michele De Carli: Up.
55:53:530Michele De Carli: Cheap.
55:56:440Michele De Carli: Okay?
55:58:110Michele De Carli: You didn't have to do any calculation, recursive calculation, because… what do you say?
56:05:240Michele De Carli: Provided you, based on our dials.
56:08:340Michele De Carli: Paula?
56:09:490Michele De Carli: Or, each, alright?
56:12:70Michele De Carli: Okay?
56:16:70Michele De Carli: So, let's imagine… That you have, for instance.
56:25:90Michele De Carli: 1,000.
56:27:190Michele De Carli: Cool, let's consider one meter, okay.
56:30:650Michele De Carli: So let's consider that we have,
56:34:380Michele De Carli: What is this? 0.7 and 1.5, okay?
56:49:600Michele De Carli: Okay, power of, say, 600 watts, okay?
56:53:190Michele De Carli: You want to work with 35 degrees C?
56:58:950Michele De Carli: Do you have a calculator?
57:01:490Michele De Carli: That's true.
57:04:960Michele De Carli: Okay, so, we can do it KN, so let's consider 0.7.
57:12:160Michele De Carli: Times 15.
57:16:540Michele De Carli: 1.27.
57:21:490Michele De Carli: How much is it?
57:28:80Michele De Carli: Ventuno tantun tumo.
57:31:840Michele De Carli: Oh, man.
57:33:280Michele De Carli: But the same reason you do that?
57:36:260Michele De Carli: Hey, 600. We have 600 watts.
57:41:440Michele De Carli: Whoop.
57:45:320Michele De Carli: 28 elements, okay, so per 12 elements?
57:51:210Michele De Carli: Okay, things that we have… We have, we have, we have… I don't know how much is it.
58:01:900Michele De Carli: You can consider 27, 27 degrees, okay?
58:09:20Michele De Carli: But 600 watts is really maximum. It is a poor… and we want it to work with 35 degrees C. If we work with that…
58:18:310Michele De Carli: If we want to put… let's consider, for instance.
58:20:930Michele De Carli: 60 degrees, so let's consider here 40.
58:25:740Michele De Carli: Okay, what happens if we are putting C as average temperature? 60 degrees C as average temperature?
58:37:540Michele De Carli: It's a little bit of something.
58:40:880Michele De Carli: You can see that there is a wider, okay, difference.
58:47:690Michele De Carli: Between working at 60 degrees C and 35 degrees C.
58:53:00Michele De Carli: Fair enough.
58:53:960Michele De Carli: So…
58:55:320Michele De Carli: You can see that, how large the difference is, the difference is, okay? In any case, this is the way you do it. Of course.
59:02:990Michele De Carli: If you're working, as I told you, with a radiant floor.
59:07:250Michele De Carli: And this regular follower, for instance, is providing 300 watts?
59:12:930Michele De Carli: Then you have to deliver just 300 watts with direct data.
59:16:410Michele De Carli: Okay? Yes, please. If I'm using, like, it is a parking feature in the wind.
59:24:720Michele De Carli: I have also worked to use the radiators in the winter, or, you know, head pump would be sufficient at this pace.
59:32:320Michele De Carli: In the tool that usually you need to also do.
59:36:470Michele De Carli: 4. Yes.
59:40:560Michele De Carli: Then, it depends on how good the envelope is.
59:44:670Michele De Carli: How much you have to use the radiators, and if you need to provide this heating by water, and not simply by
59:51:750Michele De Carli: And also, how often we need to keep the… At these temperatures.
00:00:280Michele De Carli: Oh, for instance, the second house. In the second house, okay.
00:05:940Michele De Carli: If you use the water, imagine that you are in the Alps, man is getting Very cold.
00:13:540Michele De Carli: Either you void the plant, or you use
00:17:890Michele De Carli: Glycol inside, or you could use electrical resistance.
00:22:820Michele De Carli: Okay, so for second houses, okay, that I need… yes. But, actually, there are some even units today, for example, it's a theater.
00:33:870Michele De Carli: Regardless, in that system for cooling, it's just… Yes, but usually, if you work with a fuller system or air system.
00:43:940Michele De Carli: Usually, you extract the water from it, correct?
00:48:80Michele De Carli: The… and this air… Has to be eaten up, because you would have any weight losses in the envelope.
00:55:830Michele De Carli: You have to face disruption, because you can…
00:58:920Michele De Carli: You can have air entering at the root temperature.
01:03:860Michele De Carli: Can you see, okay, but you need to face the action.
01:11:00Michele De Carli: I mean… If you need to keep it warm, It fits…
01:15:350Michele De Carli: an office building, or, I don't know, museum.
01:20:590Michele De Carli: You don't have to do the shower, but just go to the toilette, okay?
01:25:300Michele De Carli: for short issues, okay, relatively short issues, okay? Then, in this case, even if it's not really 20, 22 degrees, it doesn't matter. But of course, if you need to have a shower and you are in your house, you would like, like, 21-22 degrees, so…
01:39:360Michele De Carli: I didn't mention, but in the bathroom, you usually use higher temperature. You don't have to do that for the calculation, okay? But usually, you use 22 degrees C for the indoor temperature, okay? But you don't keep 20 for your calculations.
01:54:730Michele De Carli: Okay, so what we have seen is actually this. Yes, please.
02:05:140Michele De Carli: So, at, let me know platform 170.
02:09:440Michele De Carli: Nope.
02:10:490Michele De Carli: The nominal power Is… the producer has to provide you
02:19:00Michele De Carli: The nominal power, which is to…
02:22:410Michele De Carli: 70 degrees C has water levels separate, so 50 degrees C between water and room temperature, and this is the nominal power of the… so in that case, you can, okay, by…
02:35:70Michele De Carli: Just check.
02:36:670Michele De Carli: if you would like to have this element or another, so according to what the architect lies, and so on, okay? And this is just to check one to another, but then…
02:50:360Michele De Carli: The producer has to provide you also the constant and the exponential.
03:02:450Michele De Carli: you work with KM and N for any other temperature. It's the constant.
03:08:570Michele De Carli: The punishment even if change in the general fronts?
03:13:800Michele De Carli: The hanging… yes, you have to remember always that the water temperature
03:20:930Michele De Carli: You have, as usual, with the initial system, you have two problems, okay? One is, let's say, KR, AR, okay?
03:29:730Michele De Carli: E water temperature, you know, times PE, and this is the thermal output.
03:36:20Michele De Carli: But the thermal output is also equal to NW.
03:39:950Michele De Carli: times, simply, Supply.
03:44:550Michele De Carli: And we do.
03:52:80Michele De Carli: You decide. Oh, okay, depends. If you are… if you come here and yet you don't know, how much you can estimate time, 15, 20 degrees C as
04:01:720Michele De Carli: But… You are the designer.
04:04:700Michele De Carli: You have to choose,
04:08:280Michele De Carli: Muslim redevelopment.
04:10:850Michele De Carli: Yay.
04:12:680Michele De Carli: So you… choose the delta T.
04:17:200Michele De Carli: Okay? And then, by selecting this, Yeah, I have to consider.
04:22:640Michele De Carli: And look at those losses?
04:24:400Michele De Carli: The distributors, and the…
04:32:20Michele De Carli: Do you hear?
04:33:460Michele De Carli: Did I answer to your question?
04:35:560Michele De Carli: Yeah, more or less, yeah. Okay. Yeah, so, the average temperature, okay, usually with radiators, okay, you have around about
04:46:990Michele De Carli: 15, 20 degrees C. Again, as I told you, when we talk about the effectiveness coefficient, okay.
04:55:530Michele De Carli: The higher the temperature, usually the higher the delta P that you use, okay, for… and usually the lower the maximum rate. The lower the temperature.
05:04:150Michele De Carli: Okay.
05:05:340Michele De Carli: Then, the smaller the delta.
05:09:180Michele De Carli: Okay.
05:10:730Michele De Carli: But let's say that with regulators, you could have from 10 to 20 degrees. But if you go at low…
05:18:490Michele De Carli: Values operate, okay, then…
05:21:240Michele De Carli: Sorry, when you decrease a lot the temperature, then you decrease the lettuce, you increase the mass movement.
05:29:270Michele De Carli: Jay?
05:32:460Michele De Carli: Okay, so…
05:35:390Michele De Carli: Okay, there is no time for that. I will… we come back to this point, okay? Just to mention, okay, just to recap.
05:41:540Michele De Carli: Just to introduce you what I want to say. Here, okay, this is the load factor, okay? So this is basically what is based on the curve, the exponential curve, okay?
05:54:580Michele De Carli: So this is the ratio.
05:58:200Michele De Carli: Q actual divided by Q nominal, okay? This is the ratio, this is ratio, this ratio here.
06:11:170Michele De Carli: This is called… factor root, okay?
06:16:370Michele De Carli: we come back to this point, next… tomorrow, okay? And…
06:21:940Michele De Carli: Okay, it's too long. I will show you, if you don't mind.
06:27:560Michele De Carli: Okay, maybe we can… we come back to this point tomorrow, okay? Just to mention that you have… but okay, we will do that. We will see tomorrow. Then we come to this point from this point tomorrow, okay?
06:41:740Michele De Carli: Okay?
06:46:450Michele De Carli: See you tomorrow. Bye.