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00:04:160Michele De Carli: All right, so just a reminder, okay, to… did everybody sign in for the report?
00:11:790Michele De Carli: Yes? Okay. Right, so… Okay,
00:20:540Michele De Carli: Yeah, tomorrow we're going to see how to, let's say, what we…
00:29:210Michele De Carli: these different QR code.
00:32:890Michele De Carli: This part of the… It's for the… Work group, okay?
00:38:770Michele De Carli: If you have two highlights, if you have two highlights, not two highlights. If you have
00:46:350Michele De Carli: Too much light, you can… you can… Scroll down… That is okay.
01:00:280Michele De Carli: Right?
01:03:760Michele De Carli: Alright, so…
01:10:740Michele De Carli: Okay? Okay.
01:12:780Michele De Carli: So, yes, we are recording everything okay.
01:17:950Michele De Carli: So, we… we… Yesterday we finished, everything related to with the theory on, let's say, ventilation and,
01:31:660Michele De Carli: air-based solution, okay? So, we are going right now, into the, let's say, third part of the, of the course, which, is related to the,
01:47:830Michele De Carli: emission systems, or terminal units, which are used to deliver heating and cooling in buildings, okay?
02:00:640Michele De Carli: So, what we're going to, to see, is, first of all, an overview of the different possible solutions that we might have, okay, technical solutions that we might have.
02:18:30Michele De Carli: And, and then we will go more in detail on the water-based solution, on the hydronic emission system, because then these are, let's say, the terminal units, so the last
02:34:300Michele De Carli: say, part of the plant, and then we are going to see how then we distribute and how to size the water plates, okay?
02:49:570Michele De Carli: Yes, before…
02:54:750Michele De Carli: Yes, before doing that, before, before, entering into this, let's say, into the, let's say, this general overview, okay,
03:07:780Michele De Carli: I would like to, let's say, underline that,
03:14:610Michele De Carli: the… we are going to see different solutions, okay? And each solution could be suitable for a certain application, okay? So, you don't have, let's say.
03:30:550Michele De Carli: from the HVAC point of view, there is always a question on cost-benefit suitability, okay, affordability analysis, okay? So everything has to be, okay, seen in a very
03:47:660Michele De Carli: let's say, holistic approach, okay, even…
03:50:820Michele De Carli: If it is… so, there might be solutions which are more efficient than the others, but maybe they are cheaper, so…
04:00:430Michele De Carli: Okay, it is up to the technician to, end his, her philosophy to select one solution or another, okay? So what we have seen so far is what has been… what is related to the, let's say, ventilation or air-based solution. Ventilation, I would like to remind that it is required for
04:25:310Michele De Carli: The indoor air quality, and in some cases, it could be, we could think about using the all-air solution, okay, or mixed air to water solution.
04:37:440Michele De Carli: So, we are going to see, the, let's say, the initial system, so the terminal unit, so how to provide internal units. So, summarizing
04:51:130Michele De Carli: Summarizing, the… the…
04:54:780Michele De Carli: Again, we… I would like to wrap up, okay, in this, say, overview, okay? I would like to recap a little bit the different types of plans that we might have, okay, so the different solutions.
05:09:290Michele De Carli: that we might have for providing in the so-called HVAC.
05:15:960Michele De Carli: Okay, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, so… okay? So, we have, the old air plants that we have seen, where we are providing for ventilation, but we are also, okay, facing the cooling and heating load of the building, okay, by air. So, this is one possibility.
05:39:420Michele De Carli: We have, as we have here, water-based solutions, okay, water-based systems. In this case, in this room, especially in this room, we don't have any mechanical ventilation system, okay, so the air is just entering through opening the windows, okay?
05:57:720Michele De Carli: And we have a water-based solution. We have a water-based solution for us.
06:02:800Michele De Carli: Jesus.
06:03:790Michele De Carli: These are kilometers, and we have a water-based solution for cleaning. This is… these are the funcoys that we have on top of our head here, okay? So it means that, basically, we have water inside, okay, which is pretty good, okay, in the winter, including summer, okay? And that is…
06:23:720Michele De Carli: We, we are… we are two different resources, and we have two different terminology, okay?
06:33:620Michele De Carli: what is the difference? The difference is that, they are, basically, they are based on the same, let's say, the same principle. So, we have water flowing inside, okay?
06:48:140Michele De Carli: At the end, these are heat exchangers, as we see. This is a water to air heat exchanger, okay, to room heat exchanger, okay? We need to think about that, yeah.
07:02:150Michele De Carli: part of the heat exchange that is done by radiation, because then the worker inside will heat up the surfaces, the external surfaces, and external surfaces.
07:13:850Michele De Carli: will, heat up, okay, the room by infrared radiation, but at the same time, we have a buoyancy act, so we have natural ventilation, we have a convection, okay?
07:23:590Michele De Carli: So by biology, okay, I think we have that the air, which is getting involved with the other surface, if it will be disrupted, then it will, will be, lighter than Luminator, so it will be a place to go at times.
07:40:380Michele De Carli: So this is based on a water-based solution, based on, let's say, natural conduction. In this case, we have installed a thin coil inside.
07:49:900Michele De Carli: of this box here, okay? The thin coil is, has water inside, okay. And, we have the file, which is blowing the air, so it's forcing the air, okay, to…
08:05:780Michele De Carli: cross this, coil, this heat exchanger. So, in this case, we have forced convection, okay, and in this case, we are… we are moving the air in, we have… we are using electricity, okay, for the fun to move the air, or to force the air, okay, to…
08:22:920Michele De Carli: pass through this system. Again, we have a walker to room, or to air, basically, okay, because in this case, we have more convection than radiation, so radiation could
08:35:320Michele De Carli: peacefully, we could consider it negatable, because we are forcing air to move, to pass through the collies, okay? And, in this case.
08:48:510Michele De Carli: In this case, we have a water to air, okay, heat exchanger, and at the end, everything is related with the temperature that… or the temperature of the water inside of the heat exchanger.
09:05:40Michele De Carli: And the…
09:11:300Michele De Carli: the heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger and the surface of the heat exchanger, okay? So, like in this case, we have water-based solutions, okay, water-based systems.
09:23:420Michele De Carli: And we will see what, we have two different types of systems, okay? Two types or four types. We will see that… what that… what it means, okay?
09:34:00Michele De Carli: And, and and that's… and, so this is the second type of system, so what we are going to look in detail at, okay.
09:48:40Michele De Carli: We have also the combo, the combination of these two systems, okay? So we have low air and water plants, or primary air plants, also called, okay, or mixed air-water plants.
10:02:220Michele De Carli: In this case, we have, we, we, we have water-based solution for heating and cooling the room, and the air is, let's say, blown, okay, is, responsible to, in the air quality, and in case, okay.
10:21:170Michele De Carli: In this case, we might have just ventilation, okay, or we could even handle the air, okay? So in this case, we could, by handling the air, control the…
10:30:600Michele De Carli: the humidity, okay, inside of the room. So in this case, the air is responsible for the vapor balance, and the water is responsible of the sensible balance, okay?
10:42:290Michele De Carli: Okay.
10:45:10Michele De Carli: And then we have two other different… two other solutions, okay, that we can use for providing heating and cooling, which are not based on water or air, okay? The first solution is the so-called high radiant… sorry, high temperature radiant systems, okay, where we might have
11:05:740Michele De Carli: Well, we could still have some water, but in this case, it's usually vapor, okay, or superheating water, okay?
11:13:970Michele De Carli: Or we can have a combustion fuse, okay, which are, let's say, heating up this kind of systems, okay, and they are heating up the room.
11:23:490Michele De Carli: And, last but not least, okay, the direct expansion system. Direct expansion systems are, let's say, the speed system air conditioners that you have in your house, okay? So, the air conditioners that you can use, okay? These are called direct expansion systems, direct expansion units, okay? And in this case, we have
11:46:380Michele De Carli: a similar, a similar system with, that we have here. But, instead of having water, okay, inside the coil, we have the refrigerant, which is
11:59:280Michele De Carli: changing phase, okay, inside of the coil, and in that case, we might evaporate the refrigerant fluid inside of the coil.
12:13:260Michele De Carli: And of course, we… Did I say that correct?
12:19:180Michele De Carli: Yeah, okay, in that case, we will cool down the room, okay? If, instead, we have condensation inside the coil, then we can heat up the room, okay? And of course, the system is, at the end, a heat pump, okay?
12:35:970Michele De Carli: Of course, the direct expansion systems are quite easy to find, okay, and easy to install. They usually don't require so big calculations, okay?
12:46:570Michele De Carli: So I will just mention them, okay? We… there are also more complex solutions, okay, so…
12:54:70Michele De Carli: It's not only the direct pressure systems are not only the speed system recognition, but they can be even, okay.
13:02:60Michele De Carli: They can be used for, let's say, wider buildings, okay, for more complex solution, with more complex solution, with more complex buildings of play. But let's say that, this,
13:16:540Michele De Carli: systems, okay, are, usually the, the, the, the design and sizing is not that,
13:25:880Michele De Carli: is a little bit more… is easier than the water-based search, okay?
13:32:480Michele De Carli: It's not because the… so, we won't talk very much about these direct responding systems, okay? I will explain you why, okay? But not because they are… they are not relevant for the market, because for the market, they play, okay, the same role as water pay solution. In the past, the market was
13:53:580Michele De Carli: mainly driven by the direct exposure systems, okay? But in the last years, the water bill solution, they have been more popular, or as popular as the direct expires, okay?
14:07:00Michele De Carli: But I will explain why. We will talk briefly about the direct exposure system. Okay, I will just introduce you briefly, and then I will tell you… I will explain why the high temperature systems, okay?
14:20:420Michele De Carli: So, we have seen, we have talked about the old airplanes, okay, and what we are going to focus is especially on the water-based systems, okay? Yeah, so,
14:35:550Michele De Carli: Basically, we can, define, we can divide the… the types of plates by the… or as a function of the heat and fluid, okay, which is air, water, refrigerant, combustion, okay, vapor, okay?
14:55:630Michele De Carli: Or the type of service, okay, so we could have systems, like the radiators, which are used as quality.
15:03:380Michele De Carli: We could have systems which are used just for cooling, as in this case, okay, for, for instance, the fan coils, or we can use them for both heating and cooling, okay, and so we have…
15:15:730Michele De Carli: let's say these three possibilities, okay? And this is the way we can divide the plans, okay?
15:26:420Michele De Carli: Okay, so, let's… I would like… yeah, okay.
15:33:590Michele De Carli: So, this is… okay, let's, let's, okay, since we're making an overview, okay, we, we will repeat a little bit also some concepts at the end scene, okay, like this one here, okay.
15:46:280Michele De Carli: Which is the concept of the old air system. Okay, here we have just a single duct system, okay?
15:54:340Michele De Carli: As we have seen, this is the most simple solution for the polio system, okay?
16:00:390Michele De Carli: Or a system, it means that, as we have seen, okay, we are facing
16:05:270Michele De Carli: the heating and cooling load sensible and lactate with that, the, with the air, okay, where we have an air handling unit, as we have seen. We, we, we, we supply air into the rooms, okay.
16:21:940Michele De Carli: And, based on the, on the load of the room, we will, okay, adjust the, the, in case the temperature, okay, or, and orbit the volume. It doesn't matter which channel system. In any case.
16:38:690Michele De Carli: These systems can just work with fresh air, or we could deliver it with air. And of course, we have Datsun, okay, and the key technology for controlling the heating and cooling
16:51:340Michele De Carli: And, and, and providing the, the supreme, conditions for the air is the air handling, where we can heat, cool, the unified, unify the areas, okay?
17:06:60Michele De Carli: Okay, so this is for all your systems, okay, and then we have the, on the other side, okay, the other family of water-based solutions, okay, water-based systems, and as I was just, introducing, before, when I,
17:24:900Michele De Carli: that I talked about radiators and Francois, okay, we can have Focco battery.
17:32:440Michele De Carli: Okay.
17:34:230Michele De Carli: We can, they, they, they are, let's say.
17:38:610Michele De Carli: basically, working on two different, on two different principles, okay?
17:47:250Michele De Carli: So, the principle is the convection, where we might use natural or forced convection, okay? So, natural means that everything is related or left to the biosy effort and the heat exchange that we have in bilateral convection with the air, okay, or forced convection.
18:08:390Michele De Carli: When we have natural convection, then…
18:12:400Michele De Carli: We could consider, okay, the surface, okay, that we… that we can… that we… that we need to…
18:22:440Michele De Carli: to use. Okay, the first… again, we are talking about water to room heaters.
18:28:810Michele De Carli: Okay, so it's… we have… so, we have…
18:32:150Michele De Carli: Just to make a recap, okay?
18:36:300Michele De Carli: Kind of overview.
18:45:730Michele De Carli: We have the heating and cooling loader, heating order, okay?
18:51:560Michele De Carli: Okay, and this loader, okay, if you remember the… if you remember the… the picture, has to be delivered by a… in this case, by water to room heat exchanger, so we have
19:06:620Michele De Carli: A heat exchanger, which is characterized by its own overall heat transfer coefficient, times the surface of the heat exchanger, times the temperature, okay.
19:18:880Michele De Carli: the temperature of the water, okay, or the average temperature. We will see what is the average temperature here, right now.
19:30:230Michele De Carli: Okay, so, basically, when we are going to… we will see that this.
19:37:640Michele De Carli: should, say, be the peak load for heating and cooling, okay? You calculate the peak load for heating and cooling to satisfy the required room temperature, and now what you're doing, you are selecting the heat exchanger, okay, the suitable heat exchanger, which is characterized by the
19:57:220Michele De Carli: by the… And…
20:03:200Michele De Carli: You can change the coefficient, okay, and by the surface. Of course, this surface, okay, can be
20:10:980Michele De Carli: large or small, okay? And depending on the surface, okay, of course, or let's say, the combo of them, okay? Then, if this is, if we have a limited surface.
20:28:280Michele De Carli: since we are working with natural ventilation, okay, then this delta T will be
20:34:720Michele De Carli: higher, okay? If we are working with very large surfaces, okay, then this density could be limited, okay? So this is the case, for instance, of the radiators. They are, of course, made
20:49:390Michele De Carli: in a way to maximize the surface, okay? But in this case, the surface is not like that.
20:58:580Michele De Carli: surface that we might have, okay, that we might have, for instance, if we are using the whole surface, okay, of the floor, okay? So imagine that you can use, if you use
21:10:900Michele De Carli: the whole area, the whole pro area, okay, as initial surface, okay? Then, in this case, you will have a wider surface with respect to the surface that you have in the radiators, okay? So, in this case.
21:28:410Michele De Carli: You… so, if you are comparing a radiator with a radial throttle, okay, the radial flower has a higher surface. It could change any surface.
21:38:360Michele De Carli: So, it means that the temperature inside the meter will be higher than the temperature inside the parts of the radar.
21:45:760Michele De Carli: I'm trying to get it.
21:47:130Michele De Carli: So, limited surface, highlight that P.
21:50:390Michele De Carli: While the surface is more than that, okay? Because everything is based on this… on this equation at the end.
22:00:100Michele De Carli: So, large delta T means the delta T between the average temperature of the water, okay.
22:08:840Michele De Carli: And the room, air, and the room, slash, air, like, kitchen.
22:16:600Michele De Carli: With force radiation, okay, of course, we are forcing the convection, so we have high,
22:24:150Michele De Carli: convection heat exchange coefficient, so that we can limit the surface of the heat exchanger, and we can also limit the delta T, okay, that we can get between the water inside of the coil and the room, okay?
22:40:760Michele De Carli: So, in the… with the… with the measurement iteration, everything is, related to the…
22:49:10Michele De Carli: surface that you're using, okay? So, limited surface, high delta T. Relevant surface, small delta T, okay. Fourth convection, you could lower, you could, you could, you could have reduced temperature differences, and also compact solutions, okay?
23:08:590Michele De Carli: So that is basically the general rule that we have, okay?
23:16:70Michele De Carli: Now, what piece… yes, please.
23:18:910Michele De Carli: For force convection, you mean… With a 5. With a 5. Yes.
23:24:990Michele De Carli: Yes.
23:26:270Michele De Carli: FR, which is moving the air, or sending the air into a colloid.
23:32:470Michele De Carli: Okay, so what is done? How can we have… what are the type, the typical, let's say, layout of… okay, so let's have also… we're not just in this here, we are not only focusing on the system, but now we are going to
23:50:330Michele De Carli: I will give you, okay, an overview of what we are going to see, okay? So, I told you, the first part of the work of the, sorry, of the, of the course was to define the heating load and cooling load, which is extremely important, because based on that, okay, then
24:05:950Michele De Carli: you have to size the system, okay?
24:11:660Michele De Carli: After this introduction, we are going to see the different technologies, okay? So how we can define the characteristics, the heat exchange characteristics of the emission system, of radiators, of fan coils, of radiant floors and systems, okay? And so on, okay? So we will focus on the, let's say, emission system, and then we are going to see
24:36:630Michele De Carli: okay?
24:37:590Michele De Carli: the hydronic secret, as you can see here, okay? Because you have to dry the water.
24:42:290Michele De Carli: Okay? From the generation system, where you are producing the… where you're using energy, when you're producing heating and cooling, okay.
24:51:300Michele De Carli: And of course, you have to visit the parts across the building, across the different, sort of, the different architectures, okay?
24:59:560Michele De Carli: So, this is, okay, a sketch of the, let's say, general… of the general, let's say.
25:08:10Michele De Carli: circuit that you have, okay? So,
25:15:290Michele De Carli: First of all, I would like to, I would like to highlight that these rectangles are the emission system that Tamino units, okay?
25:25:710Michele De Carli: Which could be anyone, okay? It could be a radiator, could be a fan coil, could be a radio system, whatever, okay? So this is where we have the heat rejection or extraction to the room, okay?
25:40:650Michele De Carli: Of course, we need to supply the water, okay? And in this case,
25:47:460Michele De Carli: We have, okay, a typical solution, okay, which has been used in the past 27 years ago, okay?
25:55:340Michele De Carli: Which were based on a boiler, usually material gas, okay, that could be any kind of boiler, okay, so usually…
26:03:680Michele De Carli: Using, combustion, okay?
26:07:940Michele De Carli: heat up the water, and the chiller will cool down the salt boiler for eating and chiller for, okay? So the chiller is the machine, which is the cooling machine, okay? So, is the cooling cycle, okay, which is cooling the water, okay, in the way.
26:27:880Michele De Carli: Okay, so let's start with the, with the heating, okay?
26:35:530Michele De Carli: Of course, if you have just skipping, okay, for instance, in this case, we have, like, variators have used just skipping, okay.
26:44:990Michele De Carli: So if you are just eating, then you have, okay, the, you don't have the cooling, okay, the chimer, okay. So, in this case, we have two different
26:56:430Michele De Carli: Two different kinds, okay? We have one client for 18, and one type for… okay?
27:01:490Michele De Carli: But imagine that you're using this as for heat and cooling, okay, so the quantities would be used for heating and cooling.
27:09:400Michele De Carli: So, in this case, we could use a boiler, okay?
27:13:260Michele De Carli: to keep up the water, okay? So the boy will supply water at a certain temperature, okay? Let's consider, for instance, 50 degrees C, okay? Since this is the water that is going into the rooms, okay?
27:29:90Michele De Carli: Maybe, just a minute, I want to… maybe I can do that.
27:34:490Michele De Carli: Okay, I can…
27:40:970Michele De Carli: Okay.
27:43:880Michele De Carli: Okay, so this is the water, okay? The water, okay, is…
27:49:300Michele De Carli: getting out from the boiler. The boiler is heating up by combustion the water, okay?
27:56:350Michele De Carli: Of course!
27:59:120Michele De Carli: Either we work with the buyer or with the chimer, okay? So this… This, no, sorry. This…
28:11:460Michele De Carli: Just a minute.
28:14:690Michele De Carli: Okay, good.
28:17:910Michele De Carli: You can see this… we are going to see what this device is. It's called a three-way guide, okay? So, three-way guide means that it is…
28:27:340Michele De Carli: used to close one of the circuits, okay? So in this case, this will close the chiller circuit, okay, and will open, okay, the circuit from the bar, okay? So in this case, this way, it's used in order to
28:46:490Michele De Carli: To, to, to, to… and also this, okay, that,
28:51:950Michele De Carli: In this case, okay, these are… and also this one, okay, this… in this case, we are closing the distribution of the water, okay, to the exhibit, so the water is not flowing to the exhibit. This is the pump, okay, the pump is pumping the water, it's going in the toilet, here we have the combustion, the combustion is
29:11:250Michele De Carli: Heating up the water, the water that is going into the
29:14:250Michele De Carli: buildings, okay? So, imagine that you have different, areas, okay, to, to, to heat up, okay? So the water then is going here, okay, and is circulating.
29:28:680Michele De Carli: Now, depending on the thermostat, okay.
29:33:490Michele De Carli: You can, okay, you can have a…
29:38:350Michele De Carli: you will… you will have water circulating in the initial system, okay? So if it… if the thermostat is, is, let's say, if…
29:51:590Michele De Carli: The penalty inside of the room is below a certain level.
29:55:380Michele De Carli: Usually the second temperature, okay? Then.
29:58:490Michele De Carli: This, in this case, okay, you… the water will go and enters… will enter into the heat exchanger. So you… the heat exchanger will be… will heat up the room, because the temperature level is below a certain… a certain…
30:16:100Michele De Carli: level, the temperature of the room is below a certain level. Okay, if you reach a certain temperature, the set point temperature, then, in case this, again, this is a 3…
30:29:920Michele De Carli: A wave valve, okay, then in this case, the water will instead, okay, bypass the
30:37:320Michele De Carli: It exchanger, okay, as you can do here.
30:40:960Michele De Carli: Usually, this is, okay, representing the Electric, okay?
30:48:260Michele De Carli: engine, which is, okay, modulating according to a control strategy to the cell phone temperature, okay? So in this case, we have… we can… we could bypass the… the… okay?
31:03:630Michele De Carli: And, and then?
31:06:620Michele De Carli: the water, Okay?
31:09:530Michele De Carli: In any case, either it is going through the emission system, or if it is bypassing the emission system, will
31:21:990Michele De Carli: Return back.
31:23:480Michele De Carli: Okay, so… Of course, On average, there will be…
31:31:480Michele De Carli: Okay, in some rooms, there will be a heat rejection, because
31:35:810Michele De Carli: we have to face the heating load, okay? In design condition, the design heating load But, in general, okay.
31:45:250Michele De Carli: The heating know that it is required in this moment by the room, by the building, okay?
31:52:450Michele De Carli: And of course.
31:59:80Michele De Carli: If here we have 50 degrees C as supply temperature.
32:03:650Michele De Carli: Since we are releasing heat, we will have a smaller, a lower temperature, In the return.
32:10:220Michele De Carli: Okay? Right? Because we are…
32:14:230Michele De Carli: We are transferring heat into the building, which is losing heat then to the outer environment, okay? So, we are rejecting heat, so in this case, we might have, for instance, 45 degrees C as return temperature, okay?
32:29:670Michele De Carli: then…
32:30:900Michele De Carli: all the return temperature will… will be, again, sucked by the… by the pump, which will drive the water into the boiler, which will have to face the delta T between 45 and 50 degrees C. Okay, so the boiler will…
32:49:450Michele De Carli: Heat up the water from 45 degrees C, the return temperature that we have from the building, and we supply it higher temperature.
32:59:230Michele De Carli: Right? Okay? So, basically, the boiler will heat up the water, okay?
33:06:250Michele De Carli: In this case, we have… one bike, Go to the different…
33:13:520Michele De Carli: initial systems, and one type as return. So that is why, okay, so you can see we have one.
33:22:590Michele De Carli: pipe?
33:24:150Michele De Carli: And two pipes.
33:27:190Michele De Carli: This is the two pipes plant.
33:30:100Michele De Carli: Okay, so two-pipe strike means that you have one strike and one return.
33:36:100Michele De Carli: What happens in Korea? Yes?
33:38:980Michele De Carli: Are the pipes usually insulated? Yes, yeah, to insulate. Yes, you are obliged to insulate.
33:45:740Michele De Carli: Yeah.
33:48:450Michele De Carli: They have to be insulated, okay? They have to be insulated because you need for energy, because… yes, I want to…
34:01:220Michele De Carli: Yes, I wanted to tell you, of course, you put that 50 degrees C in here.
34:06:440Michele De Carli: if they are selected, okay? If they are not selected, you would have
34:09:980Michele De Carli: 48, 47, 49, okay? So, it is extremely important to insulate the pipes. You are obliged. There are minimum requirements for the insulation of pipes, okay? And most of all.
34:22:909Michele De Carli: For cooling is even much more important, because you could add condensation on the…
34:27:760Michele De Carli: Okay, so that is why. So, now, okay, I, I, I inserted right now this, this slide, okay?
34:39:280Michele De Carli: Imagine that you need the… Cooling, okay, so you are in summer, so you are activating the chiller, okay?
34:46:889Michele De Carli: Again, I would like to highlight this Two waves, okay?
34:54:110Michele De Carli: And in this case, okay, you have, the, these three wave waves. Of course, in this case, you are going to interrupt, okay, the circulation in the boiler, okay?
35:11:100Michele De Carli: Right? Because you need to… Provide cooling with the chiller, okay?
35:18:610Michele De Carli: Okay, so the water should circulate in the cooling machine, okay, in the cooling machine. So, the water enters in the chiller, gets out.
35:32:400Michele De Carli: Do you remember which is the temperature? Well, I can tell it, okay? 7 degrees C is the usual supply temperature, okay, that you use for cooling, okay?
35:41:200Michele De Carli: 7 degrees C, okay, then this… is the…
35:47:630Michele De Carli: Chilled water going in the different rooms.
35:51:180Michele De Carli: And you have the concoils, okay, in this case. And, of course, again here, okay, you can… if the set point temperature, if in this case.
36:04:350Michele De Carli: your temperature in the room is higher than the prior to the second temperature.
36:12:140Michele De Carli: Okay, then you need to pull down, okay? So, you will absorb heat, Okay, so the water…
36:24:190Michele De Carli: Is, okay, is…
36:26:250Michele De Carli: is cooling down the air, but the water will heat it up, will be heated up, okay? So, the water, okay, will…
36:35:940Michele De Carli: We'll have as… return temperature, 12 degrees C. Okay, so you are absorbing heat.
36:45:110Michele De Carli: Okay, it means that the return water will be at higher temperature than the supply.
36:51:720Michele De Carli: What percentage?
36:54:190Michele De Carli: Okay? And then the water is going Back to the chiller.
37:01:300Michele De Carli: Okay, and Dick Schieler?
37:04:520Michele De Carli: We'll cool down the water from 12.
37:08:320Michele De Carli: degrees C to 7 degrees C, okay? And, of course, It will reject the heat.
37:21:530Michele De Carli: Where?
37:24:10Michele De Carli: to air.
37:28:850Michele De Carli: or to water. Okay, so usually, ETP is a compress… a compression-based chiller, okay.
37:37:480Michele De Carli: Here you have a cooling cycle.
37:40:480Michele De Carli: Based on compression, okay?
37:42:860Michele De Carli: And you will reject the heat, so the condensation, here you have the refrigerant food, okay, which is…
37:53:520Michele De Carli: Evaporating into the water.
37:56:350Michele De Carli: That you're using the bleeding, okay?
37:59:740Michele De Carli: And the condenser will reject the heat either to the outer air.
38:06:690Michele De Carli: That is why we called condensed air chiller, okay? Or to water, aquifer water, Cooling towers, okay.
38:18:320Michele De Carli: What the .
38:20:440Michele De Carli: grounded exchangers, okay, any kind of output. And this is… compressed, compression-based treatment, okay? So…
38:33:910Michele De Carli: Air condensed, water condensed, okay, chiller, okay. And you are, okay, providing the cooling, okay, so you're cooling the water, and you are supplying to the building.
38:45:340Michele De Carli: In this case, with one pipe.
38:49:360Michele De Carli: As you're playing one, we can solve it in two pipes.
38:53:460Michele De Carli: Okay?
38:54:760Michele De Carli: Of course, Today, you are going.
39:01:740Michele De Carli: To replace the boiler with
39:08:50Michele De Carli: So, let's say, from since few years, okay, don't imagine that it's since several years, but just, let's say, in the last, in the last
39:22:150Michele De Carli: 10, 15 years, okay, the boiler has been replaced by the heat pump. Do you know why?
39:33:90Michele De Carli: Just a bit.
39:34:410Michele De Carli: Sorry?
39:38:950Michele De Carli: Well, electricity costs a lot. Still a lot. I think we are not decoupling… we are not decoupling the cost of electricity with gas, okay? Air pump… heat pump solution could be not…
39:53:460Michele De Carli: an economic solution for eating.
39:59:250Michele De Carli: So, you think that people is aware about the greenhouse emissions, and they want to have greenhouses and so on, right?
40:13:280Michele De Carli: No, it's not, that's not for that. Wow. Why do you think, yes? Because with one device, you can get no screwing… Yeah, but we could do that also 20 years ago.
40:24:490Michele De Carli: Yes? Because of the Europe restriction?
40:27:630Michele De Carli: Also, we get the money, because we think that it would be donation? Not really. Yes.
40:38:860Michele De Carli: It was, yes, it became cheap in the last 7 years, 6 years.
40:44:130Michele De Carli: But I told you that the heat pump solutions are becoming, let's say, the standard solution from over 10 years, so from 2000…
40:52:930Michele De Carli: Let's say from 2005.
40:55:350Michele De Carli: To avoid using us.
40:57:710Michele De Carli: No, because now the gas is proposing the hydrogen as a solution, which is not available, but I mean.
41:05:980Michele De Carli: You've got new holidays, you buy still less people.
41:10:840Michele De Carli: Not really. Not really. Yes, they do… it is also for that, but not only for that.
41:17:680Michele De Carli: Because from 2005, we started to insulate buildings more and faster buildings.
41:23:470Michele De Carli: But in 2005, we were still using boilers.
41:27:90Michele De Carli: Up to 2013. You know, it's not for that.
41:38:750Michele De Carli: Those systems quite large for small houses, so… No, it's not quite that.
41:47:390Michele De Carli: Windows in 2001, okay.
41:50:760Michele De Carli: Pizza in!
41:52:890Michele De Carli: And there was a great debate, okay? People were really…
41:58:00Michele De Carli: disappointed about that. In Italy, we started… it was the only country where we introduced the… to be… the… the… we were obliged to install a certain amount of renewable energy sources.
42:13:460Michele De Carli: Okay? So, the EPPD, the Energy Performance Building Directive, is working mainly dealing with primary energy, but then the… the…
42:24:820Michele De Carli: the first 2020-20 directive, European directive, okay, which was introducing or willing to increase the renewable energy use in buildings. No, sorry.
42:37:60Michele De Carli: In countries, okay?
42:40:50Michele De Carli: Worse, okay, delivered in 2008-2010.
42:45:600Michele De Carli: In 2012, there was a European directive, which was the 2020-30, not 20… I don't remember, okay? Anyway… Easily?
42:55:10Michele De Carli: Was the only country which was introducing
42:59:40Michele De Carli: The mandatory use of a certain amount of renewable energy in buildings.
43:05:10Michele De Carli: And this renewable energy started with 30% and became 50%, just for heating.
43:12:650Michele De Carli: Heating and domestic hot water, and then including cooling.
43:15:900Michele De Carli: When you should include also cooling.
43:18:390Michele De Carli: then everyone had to work with heat pumps. It became more suitable, more interesting to use heat pumps, but that was because we were online.
43:30:00Michele De Carli: Okay?
43:31:650Michele De Carli: And… And this is, for instance, what has happened in Germany since 2 years, okay? They also
43:40:690Michele De Carli: Two years ago, they started introducing the, obligatory requirements for Introducing renewable… increasing renewable energy
43:54:960Michele De Carli: in bakings, okay? So, that is why today we are using the… oh, we started working with heat pumps
44:04:840Michele De Carli: Let's say, from 2015, in new buildings, okay?
44:09:200Michele De Carli: Okay, anyway, this is how it is. Okay, so two types means that we are one supplier and one return. Okay?
44:20:910Michele De Carli: This is the other solution, okay, that we might have. So in this case, you can see, you are…
44:30:200Michele De Carli: Yes, and of course, with the two-pipe solution, you can either heat or cool, okay? So you switch from heating season to cooling season.
44:40:700Michele De Carli: But it might be that you might have buildings where, due to the amount of grazing, amount of internal loads, okay, due to the fact that you want some flexibility in the energy
44:59:00Michele De Carli: And in the heating and cooling, management, okay? In principle, you could consider to supply
45:10:430Michele De Carli: Even in the same day, either hidden or pulling, okay?
45:19:250Michele De Carli: This is especially true for service buildings, okay, for offices, service buildings, and so on, where you don't want the people complain, okay, and you want to keep the comfort really strict, or somehow to avoid that there are some
45:37:490Michele De Carli: people do not complain about that. So, in this case, you could work with a heating system. Usually, it was a boiler and a cooling system, the chiller, okay? Of course, you could use
45:56:720Michele De Carli: heat pump and ceiling, and you could combine them in the so-called total heat recovery units, where you could have condensation on one side and evaporation on one side, okay?
46:07:210Michele De Carli: But let's say it doesn't matter, okay? So in this case, you could have
46:12:90Michele De Carli: Hot water always going in the secret, separated from the chilled water going always in the outer circuit.
46:20:150Michele De Carli: Okay? So, it doesn't matter
46:23:410Michele De Carli: Which day of the year is, but you are going to provide chilled water and hot water, or warm water, okay, through all the year round, okay?
46:37:410Michele De Carli: And this is… water is circulating in two different circuits, one supply and one return, one for the hot water, warm water, and one for the cheerleader. So in this case, you can see you have the chilled water
46:52:520Michele De Carli: circuit, which is this one here, okay, and the return, okay? They are separated, you can see that there are no three-way veins anymore, so they're… they're always separated, okay?
47:05:950Michele De Carli: And, this is the chilled water circuit, okay? And this is the hot, warm water circuit, okay? So this is the… so you have one…
47:20:930Michele De Carli: The red lines, okay, are supplying.
47:23:870Michele De Carli: And this is the return, okay?
47:27:580Michele De Carli: And you have two different circuits, okay. So you have…
47:32:920Michele De Carli: for pipes to supply interesting, yes.
47:36:210Michele De Carli: Would be a reason for choosing to have different cities for,
47:40:940Michele De Carli: heating and cooling. Yeah, for energy purposes. In the past, there was the so-called three pipes, okay? So you had just one return pipe.
47:50:790Michele De Carli: But it was a disaster from the energy point of view. You should keep separate. You could… you could have an increased efficiency if you are using the same machine to heat and cool it on both sides, okay?
48:03:950Michele De Carli: you can condense on one side and evaporate on the other side. Okay.
48:10:510Michele De Carli: But, in principle, you should keep them separately, because here you have, for instance, if you're using FunkoS, you have, yeah, well, you can do it only from FunkoS, okay? You could have 45 degrees C here, and 45 in 40, and here you have 775, okay?
48:31:460Michele De Carli: usually, like, either you need a link, or either you need the fly. This is… this is if you want to be flexible.
48:40:10Michele De Carli: If you are… if you… if you are… if you are… if you are, for instance, a…
48:48:980Michele De Carli: Retail company is the one which is managing the building, right? If you're a retail company, and you're wrapping the building.
48:57:220Michele De Carli: and you want to be… to have any complaint, okay? Imagine in this… in London, for instance, okay, or whatever in Central Europe, but you have a large blazing, you might have… you might need cooling in one hand, when you have the sun… the sun shining, and heating and healing elements.
49:17:140Michele De Carli: No, I think that's the only chaotic to see that. Usually, usually that is the cheapest solution, okay? For instance, the…
49:27:680Michele De Carli: like to… for instance, a new building here in Padawa, in the university. So, the Apo Pellegrino, okay, is the complex. You, you have either shaking or cooling, you have no four pipes, but for… for some applications, you might need four pipes.
49:47:750Michele De Carli: And… you could use, again, this.
49:53:530Michele De Carli: Three… if you have questions? Okay. You could use this
49:59:30Michele De Carli: again, the three-way waves, okay, that they are, okay, switching from one sequence to another. Of course, they have to be combined, okay, you need, let's say, combination of them, okay, so…
50:14:690Michele De Carli: that you don't mix up cold water with warm water under a turn, okay? R, which is also much…
50:22:720Michele De Carli: more… much… much easier to handle, okay? You could have two heat exchangers, two coils, in the same
50:31:160Michele De Carli: Okay, so you could have two heat exchangers. In this case, you have just a so-called two-way waves, okay, which could open or close the circuit, okay? And in this case, you either work on the cooling
50:46:990Michele De Carli: Coil, or on the heating coil?
50:49:520Michele De Carli: Okay? This is the usual solution that you might have for four pipes, okay? That was…
50:56:180Michele De Carli: That was done in the past today, okay, if you want to work with the four, with the four,
51:03:760Michele De Carli: Types, okay, usually this is the solution that you have.
51:06:840Michele De Carli: Okay?
51:08:110Michele De Carli: Book.
51:15:800Michele De Carli: Okay. So, that's… All for… as introduction by now, for the…
51:24:440Michele De Carli: water-based solution, okay? Water-based solution, it means that in water-based solution, we are heating and cooling with water.
51:32:510Michele De Carli: But, of course, we could have a mix, so we could use the air-water solution, okay? And, as I told you, the air in this case will be handled, okay, so we will handle the air, so we will
51:49:980Michele De Carli: For sure, we will dehumidify the water, sorry, the air in cool the water, sorry, and cool the air in summer. We could think about, okay, to heat up the air, but it's not anymore.
52:03:460Michele De Carli: useful, okay, to do that. Anyway, the air is, we have seen that when we bring air from outside to inside, in winter, we dry the indoor air, okay, because we have
52:17:920Michele De Carli: air at a low humidity ratio. Okay, so we can lower the relative humidity when we have cooling conditions outside.
52:26:420Michele De Carli: We could, in case, consider the humidification, okay, if it's necessary, okay?
52:32:40Michele De Carli: In winter. For sure, we will cool and humidify the air in summer, because we need to keep the humidity low.
52:41:980Michele De Carli: And, the air then is resourceable to the… to maintain, to keep the relative humidity
52:49:940Michele De Carli: Low, okay, and the water system, okay, we are…
52:54:560Michele De Carli: will then heat and cool the thing. So this is the, okay, the sketch, okay, the, let's say, the chinography of this solution here, okay, where you can see, you could have the boiling, let's say.
53:11:70Michele De Carli: Okay, this is the old scheme, okay?
53:14:440Michele De Carli: They work both of the coils of the unit, okay, but they also, okay, provide the water into the building for the emission system, again, with two or four types, depending on what you want to do.
53:33:250Michele De Carli: keep moving, okay? So in any case, you will have an air handling unit, so usually a very simple, okay,
53:43:680Michele De Carli: air-based solution, okay, so the airflow rate will be just the fresh air, okay, so you won't… you won't have any
53:53:250Michele De Carli: added, chlorate, but, the fresh air, so you won't have any recirculation here. So you will just use fresh air. Here, that is not the return
54:05:900Michele De Carli: But there is, okay? So here you have, you're just using fresh air, okay? Air is elder in the roofs for…
54:14:860Michele De Carli: in your air quality purposes, and to keep low the relative humidity, okay? So, then that is why it's needed the air handling unit. In the air handling unit, for sure, today, you are almost obliged, you are obliged to use our
54:31:440Michele De Carli: You use the heat exchanger, the heater operator, okay?
54:36:50Michele De Carli: The recuperator, and at least the The cooling coil, okay?
54:42:500Michele De Carli: In case you could have also the
54:45:550Michele De Carli: vapor, okay, the vapor, production, okay, if you did, okay?
54:53:270Michele De Carli: If not, usually, you avoid to have the vapor production, because, as I told you, the vapor production could lead to lateral mallup.
55:02:850Michele De Carli: Okay? So, in this case, the unit is right there is the smallest you can get, because you just need to provide the cashier, so you don't have recirculation. It would be relatively cheap, because we have the tutorial to have the cooling coil.
55:21:230Michele De Carli: You don't usually, rate here, okay, and that is because, as was said before, today, buildings are well insulated, okay, so that by the operator, you could supply air at 15, 16 degrees C, which is not, I mean, a problem.
55:41:520Michele De Carli: And also on your order, okay? So they're not anyway would be
55:46:80Michele De Carli: Okay, faced by the water dissolution, which is, okay, located in the
55:51:820Michele De Carli: So, in this case, you have water-based water solution for the coil, so you usually use the water for the coil, okay? And in this case, you will, use the water, okay?
56:12:420Michele De Carli: We use the water for the solution, for the… for heating and cool. So this is the air-water solution, okay? Air-water solution, usually it is the best solution, okay, from the energy point of view, it's the best solution for, especially for, let's say, partial buildings, okay?
56:32:450Michele De Carli: Yes, it is a vessel.
56:38:890Michele De Carli: Okay, alright.
56:44:660Michele De Carli: Of course, you could have, instead of chiller and boiler, you could have heat pump and chiller, okay, with heat recovery again, but we will talk about that.
56:53:670Michele De Carli: Where we, we live.
56:55:360Michele De Carli: when we are going to talk about the efficient production of energy, and we are going to see the future. What I would like to, anyway, highlight is that, we have basically three
57:09:110Michele De Carli: Three, three, letters, okay?
57:16:170Michele De Carli: Generation.
57:19:770Michele De Carli: distribution.
57:24:110Michele De Carli: emission units, okay? So we have the emission units, which is the terminal part of the system, okay? We have the distribution system worker here.
57:36:40Michele De Carli: And we have the generation.
57:37:980Michele De Carli: Oh, forget it.
57:38:960Michele De Carli: Okay, so we have these three subsystems, okay?
57:42:20Michele De Carli: We will start with the…
57:44:640Michele De Carli: Emission system, we are going to see the distribution system, and then we are going to see it as emission system.
57:50:630Michele De Carli: Okay?
57:52:10Michele De Carli: Also, okay, maybe I can introduce that principle again. You can see here that we have two
57:59:920Michele De Carli: sub-circuits, main sub-circuits here, okay? So you can see we have One subsequent here, And then we have…
58:11:50Michele De Carli: a subcircuit there, okay? This is the so-called primary circuit.
58:17:230Michele De Carli: Okay, so the primary secret is the secret which is, okay, getting the power from the generation system. The secondary sequence and the circuits then are going to the different zones of the building, okay? Usually, here.
58:35:270Michele De Carli: You have a manifold, okay, and
58:37:980Michele De Carli: As we will see, okay? But remember that from the hydraulic point of view, you need to, let's say, separate, okay, the…
58:47:210Michele De Carli: Brian, let's see, in just a second, Marisa.
58:50:140Michele De Carli: Yes. Are those systems are the same with the district heating? District heating? Yeah, district heating is here. Instead of the boiler, you have it shifted.
59:04:520Michele De Carli: The digital heating is releasing the heat?
59:07:910Michele De Carli: to your room?
59:09:70Michele De Carli: To the building, at centralized level.
59:12:210Michele De Carli: But then you need still, again, a primary circuit, and then secondary circuits for the different plants, for instance.
59:19:280Michele De Carli: those systems for every evening. We don't have a center at the waiting center, like, por, por favor.
59:29:20Michele De Carli: there will be one plant that produces… Yeah, but that is… that is the generation system.
59:35:540Michele De Carli: That is the solution. Here, we're talking about what happens inside of the bid.
59:40:530Michele De Carli: This is, instead of the boiler, you have this heating network.
59:44:710Michele De Carli: The district heating network?
59:46:390Michele De Carli: is going, okay, in… in the basement of your house, probably, probably, okay, you will have that the water of the district heating network, okay, will… and you have a heat exchanger, okay, the heat exchanger.
00:01:900Michele De Carli: Will, observe heat when it's living by a data.
00:07:980Michele De Carli: It's like another layer, you replace with the water to water, it exchanges.
00:13:760Michele De Carli: And the heat is supplied by the distributional membrane.
00:18:520Michele De Carli: Okay?
00:19:730Michele De Carli: Okay, so here… You are inside of the building.
00:28:360Michele De Carli: Okay.
00:31:410Michele De Carli: So, that is all, as, let's say, introduction, okay? I would like to briefly
00:37:450Michele De Carli: tell you, okay, about the high temperature radio system, okay, as you see. Okay, so, here you can see, okay,
00:51:140Michele De Carli: As we see, okay, let me, let me… Silly.
00:57:30Michele De Carli: As you will see, the irradiant systems, okay, floor radiant systems, CV radiant systems, they work on both infrared and convection, okay? But let's just consider, by now, the infrared heat exchange, okay? So, let's, let's,
01:15:430Michele De Carli: let's,
01:17:340Michele De Carli: Avoid the convection, okay, that you might have from the surface below, okay? But let's just consider the radiative part of the heat released by a radiant system.
01:28:600Michele De Carli: Okay.
01:29:850Michele De Carli: So…
01:31:650Michele De Carli: This is an example, okay? What you could… what you can see here is the basic equations of the infrared heat exchange, okay?
01:44:180Michele De Carli: processing surface of the, of the panel, okay, of the radiant surface, okay, at high temperature, which is heating up the room at, at,
01:57:430Michele De Carli: let's say, at, DS, the temperature of the current temperature over here in DS, okay?
02:06:480Michele De Carli: It'll be TR, okay? I don't know why it's TS, anyway. This is the room temperature.
02:13:280Michele De Carli: Okay, and you can consider this at 20 degrees, okay? So what you want is to consider the infrared radiation, okay, so the infrared part of the ring, which can be exchanged by the
02:26:670Michele De Carli: irradiant, surface, and, continues, okay?
02:34:190Michele De Carli: Okay, so if you have… a surface at around about 27 and 28 degrees C, okay?
02:44:720Michele De Carli: You can see that the… just for the… if you divide the power
02:52:540Michele De Carli: which can be delivered by this surface at this temperature, okay, by the surface that you are considering, okay? So, this is the specific power delivered by the
03:07:430Michele De Carli: By the surface in watts per square meter, okay?
03:12:810Michele De Carli: This is the available power that you can, okay, emit by infrared radiation. And so, if you have a surface at 28 degrees C,
03:23:970Michele De Carli: Okay.
03:25:270Michele De Carli: You could have 43 watts per square meter for infrared, Okay? Power.
03:33:360Michele De Carli: Very, very narrow.
03:35:10Michele De Carli: Okay?
03:41:10Michele De Carli: Okay, just to… Recap.
03:44:970Michele De Carli: Do you remember what I told you about the power that is needed today in the buildings?
03:50:300Michele De Carli: Big power for heating, how much is it?
03:54:220Michele De Carli: Beautiful.
03:55:890Michele De Carli: Gifted over the last little thing.
03:58:150Michele De Carli: No, no, no, no. This is for cooling. For heating, it was per cubic meter, we said it can be… 10, perfect. 10. Which is the usual height of a room?
04:10:230Michele De Carli: 3? 3. Okay, so if we multiply by 3, which is the height, then we get…
04:16:00Michele De Carli: Well, it's prescribing either, right?
04:18:250Michele De Carli: All right
04:25:170Michele De Carli: So we cooled with 28 degrees C, We could release infrared power, Okay…
04:33:650Michele De Carli: by just having 28 degrees C on the surface.
04:38:810Michele De Carli: All right? This is just infrared. We will see what happens if we consider also the convection, okay? So that is why, with
04:48:840Michele De Carli: Radiant systems, we could keep the temperature low.
04:52:790Michele De Carli: Because we have a white surface.
04:55:140Michele De Carli: Okay?
04:58:540Michele De Carli: Think about it.
04:59:800Michele De Carli: So, Matt, what happens if you, okay.
05:04:970Michele De Carli: Imagine that instead of having the, the, this…
05:08:540Michele De Carli: the overall area of the ceiling of the floor. You're reducing the area, okay, let's say, to this
05:17:730Michele De Carli: about the lamp there, okay? So what you're doing?
05:21:240Michele De Carli: Okay, in order to release the power, you will increase the temperature.
05:27:980Michele De Carli: And by increasing the temperature, you will have a huge amount of specific power.
05:33:800Michele De Carli: Okay?
05:37:730Michele De Carli: That is basically what you have when you are going outside and having a spritz outside, when you have these radiant systems, okay, outside. This is basically what they're working off.
05:49:300Michele De Carli: Brilliant.
05:50:870Michele De Carli: In front of me.
05:52:800Michele De Carli: And this is what you have, okay? Have you ever been in room N9 and 10 to do lectures?
05:59:430Michele De Carli: Yes, so if you remember, maybe sometimes you look at the top of your head, and you look, and you have seen this
06:06:110Michele De Carli: Radio tapes, okay. So this…
06:10:860Michele De Carli: are, okay, now today I use… we use water, okay, but of course, vapor, okay? So basically, you could, by increasing the temperature of this system, you could decrease the surface, okay, and having a cheap solution for high-rise buildings, okay?
06:28:910Michele De Carli: laboratories or industries, okay? So M9 and M10, they were supposed to be laboratories, okay, not electric holds, but there was electrical lecternhodes, and that's right. So, in principle, okay, you could use this small sub-solution, okay, for
06:47:10Michele De Carli: With hot water, or even with
06:51:390Michele De Carli: combustion fumes inside, okay? So you could directly use the combustion fumes inside to heat up buildings, large buildings, okay.
07:02:80Michele De Carli: And of course, the higher the building, the better the solution, because in this case, you mainly work with infrared, so you don't have to heat up the air, okay? You will have just hit by infrared radiation, okay? And the room air could be kept low. Imagine that
07:18:490Michele De Carli: If you have, like, an anger, okay, in an airport, or you're repairing trains or, or planes, okay, where you have huge amount of space, and you just… and with this case, you could really save
07:36:840Michele De Carli: energy, because you can just switch on, okay, the radiance systems where people are working, okay? So, without spending energy to heat up all of them, okay?
07:48:690Michele De Carli: So, these are the so-called radion tubes, radion tubes. In this case, you have, like, the combustion fumes, okay, you have combustion, the combustion tube is high here, you have
08:01:50Michele De Carli: Okay, so the gas is entering, okay, so here you have the combustion, okay, the fumes are… are,
08:13:150Michele De Carli: Blow into this youth.
08:16:330Michele De Carli: Okay, and with a temperature of 300, 400 degrees C, okay, you could have… 10 kilowatts per meter.
08:28:50Michele De Carli: Okay, so with few of them, you could heat up
08:33:220Michele De Carli: a factory, okay? So you could see, for research that a factory of 25 meters by
08:41:960Michele De Carli: 30 meters, okay. You could just need 6 of them, okay, to heat up the building, okay. You didn't need the water, so it was quite…
08:54:550Michele De Carli: cheap solution and efficient solution, okay? And in this case, you have that the fumes are, yes, going here. Of course, you are
09:04:920Michele De Carli: the fan is put on the exhaust, so that you are avoiding any infiltration of fumes, okay? But in case there is a leakage in the tube, the air, the room air enters in the tube.
09:22:540Michele De Carli: And… I mean, that was in the 90s, okay? Then, late 90s, beginning of 2000, there was this solution, which was using a little bit of, let's say.
09:37:100Michele De Carli: recirculation, so that you could provide, okay, power at a lower time, so you could distribute better the heat, let's say, okay?
09:48:370Michele De Carli: These solutions are extremely interesting, okay, but of course, they are based on fossil fuel, and today.
09:57:490Michele De Carli: Okay, they are… Almost not used that much, because we have
10:01:770Michele De Carli: we cannot use… we need to use renewable energy, okay, in Finance, so the use of these solutions is not anymore very attractive for Europe, but in other countries, okay, it is still
10:17:180Michele De Carli: Interesting, okay, so where the greenhouse effect is not yet, important, or, or not as important as thought, but you're not going to achieve that.
10:28:340Michele De Carli: Of course, you could have some… you could increase the power, okay, so you could have even higher power. In this case, usually you use, okay, the electric resistances, okay, so you could have electric resistances, and you could get temperature of
10:47:40Michele De Carli: even more than 500 degrees C, okay. And this is just for spot areas heating, okay? Imagine
10:54:330Michele De Carli: to… that you have, like, a factory, and you just need… you have just a workstation of, I don't know, 100 square meters, and you have 1,000 square meters around, just need to hit the people which are…
11:08:150Michele De Carli: Below, okay, then in this case, you could use electric resistance, even if it's not, you know.
11:14:450Michele De Carli: It's not the picture.
11:16:630Michele De Carli: Okay, so these are solutions which are not anymore used so much, okay, but interesting again. And of course, here, I want to mention the so-called direct expansion units, okay? So direct expansion units, it means that these are, let's say, the
11:32:700Michele De Carli: the, the, the,
11:36:600Michele De Carli: stay up of your split system air conditioner that you normally have in your house, okay? So in this case, I think you have seen them also in
11:47:210Michele De Carli: In this case, you have these towers. When you have these towers, it means that you have more than 20 kilowatts for the machine, okay? Usually, up to 20 kilowatts, the machine has one or two fans, okay? So it's, usually when there is a tower, the cooling power is at least 20 kilowatts, okay?
12:10:590Michele De Carli: And in this case, you have a refrigerant fluid, which is directly expanding in the loose. And in this case, you could have
12:19:580Michele De Carli: you could have heating by condensing and cooling by evaporating the rooms. You could have also a mix of them, so you could have the same principle that you have with the four pipes, okay, because you could, in case, have partial condensation in some rooms and partial evaporation in other
12:43:670Michele De Carli: Okay? So the pros of these solutions?
12:48:910Michele De Carli: are that, of course, you have a phase change refrigerant, which means that the
12:56:920Michele De Carli: sections, okay, the area, the cross area of the pipes is much smaller than water-based solution, okay?
13:06:450Michele De Carli: But, of course, as you know, the new regulation is forcing us to work with
13:15:560Michele De Carli: lower and lower GWP, okay, refrigerants, and of course, the low GWP, which will be introduced in the future, will be either slightly flammable or flammable, okay? So that could be
13:31:180Michele De Carli: that could… could become a problem for BCC. In any case, okay, just to mention, do you know the net center here in Padawa? The power which is twisted, the red power is… the net center is fully equipped with
13:45:960Michele De Carli: BRF, okay? So, from the designer point of view, they are extremely easy, because usually the designer has not to do anything, because everything
13:59:360Michele De Carli: is, okay, is demanded, everything is done by the producer, okay? Usually, everything is, okay, is organized there, so you don't have to think about any, any control strategies and so on.
14:15:570Michele De Carli: Which is good and bad, because if the system doesn't work, you don't know exactly what it is, okay, because you have no… you don't have any feelings about what's behind this kind of solution. But these are, let's say, pattern-based solutions, okay, which can be used, very easy to design.
14:33:610Michele De Carli: Okay, but of course, then you are… you are just, okay, you are just to refer to the producer.
14:40:830Michele De Carli: Which is providing everything, okay? So that is the… the point.
14:46:530Michele De Carli: The VRFs were… they are called VRV or VRF, okay, Variable Refrigerant Fluid or Variable Refrigerant Volume, okay? They were…
14:56:800Michele De Carli: In the same… between 2010 and 2020.
15:01:940Michele De Carli: they…
15:03:220Michele De Carli: lead the market, okay, so the most, the most sold technology was the direct sponsor system. Today, okay, the water-based solution, they became, the same, or even
15:19:50Michele De Carli: more than the expected daily expansion rate, okay? So, that is a kind of…
15:25:250Michele De Carli: different trend, okay, at least in Italy, okay?
15:29:50Michele De Carli: But, of course, there might be… there are some occasions where it is possible to…
15:36:960Michele De Carli: Yes? What's the name of those two boxes in the distribution crate after the tower?
15:43:190Michele De Carli: What are the benchmarks here?
15:45:740Michele De Carli: Yes, yes. Oh, these are, let's say, the captain system for the treasure activity.
15:54:40Michele De Carli: Okay? So I'm not expecting BRF, to be honest.
15:58:960Michele De Carli: So, fine.
16:00:280Michele De Carli: And… Yay.
16:06:250Michele De Carli: Okay. Sold.
16:08:520Michele De Carli: Since the design is not that important, and I am not expert in this solution, okay, we will work, and we will deal with water-based solution, okay, because water-based solution, they…
16:22:890Michele De Carli: In this case, we… we need to see how to do that, and we are going to see how to design this competitive solution.
16:34:840Michele De Carli: Okay, so, let's say, as I was mentioning, okay, in the past, we worked a lot with combustion.
16:43:570Michele De Carli: based solution for heating, okay?
16:46:540Michele De Carli: So, historically, we usually worked with high temperatures, okay,
16:53:950Michele De Carli: system, both on veneration, distribution, and oscillation, okay? So, usually, in the past, the typical temperature was about 90 degrees, okay? Let's talk about 60s, 90s.
17:10:950Michele De Carli: But let's say that, then, from the 90s, okay, there was the introduction of the condensing boilers, okay? Do you do the condensing boilers with combustion, with camo, or not? No.
17:30:880Michele De Carli: Okay, we will have a look… a short look at this, okay? All right, so, let's say that basically what was done in the past, okay, you had the fuel-to-water heat exchanger, okay, was basically
17:46:400Michele De Carli: In, in iron, okay, in black iron.
17:51:340Michele De Carli: And in that case, you should avoid any condensation of the fumes inside of the heat exchanger. So that was…
18:01:850Michele De Carli: that why you… at the beginning, the… the… all the combustion systems should have not less than 130, 120 degrees C, okay?
18:12:680Michele De Carli: But then, by using, Stainless steel, okay?
18:20:160Michele De Carli: you could use… you could condense the fumes, okay? And of course, this could lower the…
18:29:210Michele De Carli: outgoing temperatures of the fumes, of the fumes, sorry, so that you could also, okay, not only use the, dry, or the
18:40:610Michele De Carli: the high, the… LW of the family.
18:49:260Michele De Carli: Okay, you could use also the condensation part of the heater that you can get from the combustion. So you could have more heat, okay, and you could, of course, from the
19:05:460Michele De Carli: distribution water point of view all day of the building, you could lower the temperatures of the… of the…
19:13:530Michele De Carli: heating systems, okay? So, in the 90s, we were starting looking at temperatures which would be 60 degrees C, okay, for the radiators.
19:26:170Michele De Carli: Okay. And, and then, also, in the 90s, there was a bigger interest in,
19:34:200Michele De Carli: in the radiant systems, which could work at 30, 35 degrees C, okay? So, in that case, the condensing boilers were even much more attractive, because you could really reach the temperatures that the radiant system could
19:52:400Michele De Carli: Required, okay? So, you could even lower the temperature of the water, okay, in the circuit.
20:01:690Michele De Carli: So, what can we say about the water, the supply water system? Okay, this is not, I mean, this is not an official, okay, subdivision, but this is, let's say, a kind of, let's say,
20:20:110Michele De Carli: Typical way you can define the temperature of the heating system, okay?
20:28:360Michele De Carli: So… If we talk about old buildings, we can have Typical.
20:35:150Michele De Carli: So, this is before the 70s, okay? We, or let's see, before the 90s.
20:40:810Michele De Carli: we could have that, typically, the supply temperature was at about 90s, sometimes less than 90 degrees C, or it could be even 70, but not less than 60 degrees C, okay? So, let's say that high temperatures are usually the, the…
21:00:10Michele De Carli: are usually considered high temperature systems, okay? The ones which are working between 90 and something BC. I would like to highlight one point, okay? If you have to drive a certain amount of power, okay.
21:18:60Michele De Carli: Looking at the water loop.
21:23:320Michele De Carli: Remember, what we are going to see is that the heat exchanger is related to the average temperature of the water and the heat temperature.
21:33:850Michele De Carli: But then, for the water circuit, it is the muscular rate of the water times the CP of the water times the
21:48:300Michele De Carli: Temperature of the water in minus temperature of the water out.
21:54:20Michele De Carli: Okay? So, of course, if you keep, if you… if you consider the temperature difference of the water high, the mastro rate will be small.
22:05:250Michele De Carli: And that will lead to cheaper solution, because then the diameter of the pipes will be also small, okay? So, in the past, okay, we worked with high
22:17:870Michele De Carli: delta T temperature, okay? So, 20 degrees C, okay? But you can see that the lower you go with the temperature.
22:28:850Michele De Carli: The smaller, also, the temperature difference between the supply and return water into the circuit, okay?
22:37:720Michele De Carli: So, you can see, high panel to where…
22:42:140Michele De Carli: are considered to work between 90 and 70 degrees C. Minute temperature, they work, let's say, at 16, 85 degrees C, and 14 BC, okay? So you can see here, 15 degrees CT temperature difference, okay.
22:58:410Michele De Carli: Low temperatures are, let's say, 45, 35 degrees C. This is low temperature, because usually in… with phone call, you use between 45 and 40. These are the typical temperatures.
23:13:170Michele De Carli: Okay, so for phone calls, usually you work with 45.
23:16:840Michele De Carli: 40 degrees C, okay? And then you have a very low temperature system, which are the ones which are working between 35 and
23:25:170Michele De Carli: 25, okay? But we see that today you could even lower the temperature, okay? Because, as we have seen in the previous slide, okay, if the power need this
23:39:550Michele De Carli: Small, okay, then you don't have to…
23:43:320Michele De Carli: reach high temperatures on the floor, okay, but you could…
23:48:260Michele De Carli: Lower the temperature, that's what we see, okay? Emily.
23:53:280Michele De Carli: This is a general rule, okay?
24:00:150Michele De Carli: I would like to highlight this coefficient, okay? It's not…
24:06:850Michele De Carli: an official coefficient, okay? So it's just, let's say, a qualitative coefficient, okay? Okay, so it's not defined in any standards, okay?
24:16:690Michele De Carli: But it is interesting, okay, to think about the, let's say, effectiveness coefficient in heating, okay? What does he? It means that if we consider
24:30:560Michele De Carli: The temperature difference between supply return, okay, And if we consider the
24:37:420Michele De Carli: Maximum temperature difference that we have, which is the supply temperature and the room temperature, okay, in the denominator.
24:47:20Michele De Carli: Okay, this coefficient is, let's say, telling us how much we are, let's say, efficiently exchanging it into the room, because at the end, the room is at 20 degrees C, okay?
25:04:320Michele De Carli: So, you can see here some examples, okay? So, I, I told you, in the 70s, okay, these are, let's say, general rules, but let's say that, on average, you could expect to have 80 degrees C as supply temperature.
25:24:820Michele De Carli: as about 70 degrees C as return temperature, okay? If your house is
25:31:670Michele De Carli: have been built in the center of this, and if you have a central heating system, you probably, okay, have this
25:39:180Michele De Carli: These are big.
25:41:30Michele De Carli: design conditions, okay? So this is for facing the design part, okay?
25:46:490Michele De Carli: So this is the so-called high-diver, okay? So in this case, if you use 1870, and you go silver 20, okay, this
25:55:960Michele De Carli: This coefficient leads to 17%, okay?
25:59:990Michele De Carli: Now, in the 90s, it would be worth between 75 and 65. Low temperature radiators, you could work between 55 and 49, okay, more or less. Falco, I told you, 45, 40, okay?
26:16:300Michele De Carli: Cheap beans, you don't know what they are, but, I mean, they are, let's a large francais, okay, so…
26:22:960Michele De Carli: Large fund oil means that if you increase the surface of this Funko oil, you could lower the temperature inside the water, of the water, right? So they can work with 35, 30.
26:34:730Michele De Carli: And radiant systems, okay, today they can work with 26 degrees C. So today, a room, a building, could be heated up by 26 degrees C as supply temperature, okay? I know it's amazing, but you will see, okay, how you can reach this part.
26:53:430Michele De Carli: So we can see that if you consider this temperature, if you… if you are considering that due to the
27:01:990Michele De Carli: Due today.
27:05:100Michele De Carli: improvement of the envelope. Okay, so due to the fact that today we have low U values of the beating.
27:13:610Michele De Carli: walls, okay? And, and you are also working with
27:19:920Michele De Carli: Regular surfaces, okay, or higher heat exchangers surfaces, okay?
27:26:640Michele De Carli: You could lower the temperature, and you can see this…
27:30:440Michele De Carli: efficient effectiveness coefficient, how it rises, okay? So you can see that, you can go from 18% to more than 60%, okay?
27:45:900Michele De Carli: Just, if they are bigger, or…
27:49:100Michele De Carli: It's… I told you, it's both, because you have bigger surfaces.
27:55:260Michele De Carli: And also because there is less need of heating.
27:59:580Michele De Carli: Because you have improved installation in the buildings. So both, they could… but… and… and these were typical temperatures where you needed to operate just with
28:13:700Michele De Carli: combustion, okay? And you can see that, okay, here, you can think about working with heat pumps, okay? So, but, I mean,
28:27:210Michele De Carli: So, on one hand, you had, you had that from two… in the 90s, there were still… the U-value of the walls could have been lowered, but let's say that from 2005, we…
28:44:940Michele De Carli: had very low values of the transmittance of the duoings, okay?
28:51:50Michele De Carli: If you decrease the energy demand of the power, the peak power of the building, of the roofs, and if you work with
29:00:760Michele De Carli: Larger surfaces, okay, with higher With, with, with systems which can lead to low
29:09:840Michele De Carli: lower, lower temperatures, okay, we could work with these temperatures. That is why you're getting, like, these values of effectiveness, okay?
29:20:270Michele De Carli: So, that is to say that, let's say, the… be…
29:26:570Michele De Carli: from, let's say, the philosophical point of view, lowering the temperatures is also increasing the effectiveness of the heat exchanger, okay? And we will see, then, also, how this would play a role, sorry, play a role, sorry.
29:46:00Michele De Carli: in, also, the efficiency of the system, okay, when we couple with heat pumps. Because, of course, if you work with heat pumps, the lower the supply temperature.
29:57:630Michele De Carli: the lower the condensation temperature and the higher the COP of the heat pump, okay? So that is also important.
30:06:200Michele De Carli: Okay!
30:08:800Michele De Carli: I like it.
30:10:730Michele De Carli: So… let's…
30:14:150Michele De Carli: Yes, tomorrow, tomorrow we are going to make the example on the domestic… no, sorry, for the, DAX distribution system, okay?
30:27:850Michele De Carli: Okay, I'll see you tomorrow.
30:30:780Michele De Carli: Who cares?
30:32:510Michele De Carli: Menco?