Assistente AI
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00:02:650Michele De Carli: Yes. Okay, so first of all, i.e.
00:08:170Michele De Carli: I… Maite, okay, no, I might. I tried to, to implement in the, okay,
00:27:770Michele De Carli: Tuy incrementin nudelo o que,
00:32:159Michele De Carli: A form where you put ceilings.
00:35:10Michele De Carli: Hopefully, okay, so try, please. For the, for the visiting.
00:43:40Michele De Carli: that premiere on the 24th of March to Milan, okay? So, please fill in your names, names or names, and
00:51:820Michele De Carli: matricola, okay, the code, I don't know, can you… are you, are you in Muden right now?
00:58:310Michele De Carli: What do you do?
00:59:750Michele De Carli: Okay, okay, but you can try it afterwards, I guess, okay? If it doesn't work.
01:05:390Michele De Carli: I don't know, we will try to, to assess all this, okay? So, I need to know how many, more or less, we are in order to, to rent the bus, and to also to ask for the… for the, tickets, okay?
01:23:370Michele De Carli: Okay, so, I will also try to write in Moodle a…
01:33:870Michele De Carli: attacks anywhere, I will try to underline everything. Okay, now, we have, started yesterday, hopefully we can go on, yeah? Okay, we started yesterday talking about the, let's say, the, the, the, the…
01:52:900Michele De Carli: The energy, the turbul,
01:55:970Michele De Carli: balance that we should consider in a room, in a building. And I'll try to a little bit explain what is the purpose of a heating and cooling system, okay, to keep a certain temperature in the rooms.
02:14:30Michele De Carli: So to provide heating, so to release heating, thermal energy in wintertime, and to absorb the energy in the cooling time.
02:25:590Michele De Carli: As I was mentioning yesterday, we have two, let's say two problems, okay? Looking at the timeline over one year, we have two problems, okay? Looking at the, at the, let's say.
02:39:510Michele De Carli: duration of the phenomenon that we are assuming, okay?
02:46:420Michele De Carli: So, on one hand, we need to consider the peak conditions, okay, so the more severe conditions that we might have in heating and cooling, and in these specific cases, we need
03:01:180Michele De Carli: that the heating system, or the cooling system, should face the maximum heating and cooling power, okay? And that is a problem of sizing designing, okay? So, when we size, you need to
03:15:270Michele De Carli: specify which is the peak power for heating and for cooling in the heating. So we have to define the
03:23:370Michele De Carli: design conditions, the climatic design conditions, okay? And this is for one specific, let's say.
03:33:60Michele De Carli: let's say moment, but it's… we've seen it, it's not a moment, let's say… Anyway, in a short time period, okay, one day, okay?
03:43:110Michele De Carli: Then we have also to consider that the system that we have size that we have designed, okay, then we operate over what year.
04:09:510Michele De Carli: Okay? Over one year, okay, in the,
04:15:540Michele De Carli: So we have to consider the operation in winter condition and in summer condition. In that case, we should consider the average conditions that we might have for this location, okay? So, considering
04:30:890Michele De Carli: Over a very wide time frame, okay, so 20 to 30 years, okay, that we have, this kind of, of problems, okay? So, sorry, just a minute.
04:53:620Michele De Carli: Is that a sample game.
04:55:90Michele De Carli: Excuse me.
04:58:570Michele De Carli: I had the agreement with the technical colleagues to…
05:03:20Michele De Carli: Call them in case of problems.
05:16:810Michele De Carli: Going forward to.
05:18:460Michele De Carli: Los paramos aid.
05:37:350Michele De Carli: Perfecto.
05:42:630Michele De Carli: Probably not, but I don't want to talk about the… Updates.
05:54:440Michele De Carli: So…
06:06:700Michele De Carli: That's a stadium.
06:38:850Michele De Carli: Nazi?
06:49:20Michele De Carli: Usually, buddy.
07:24:660Michele De Carli: Stop reading.
07:28:700Michele De Carli: We had proposed last week, right?
08:36:890Michele De Carli: provisional.
08:40:730Michele De Carli: Commissioner.
08:48:860Michele De Carli: this, location, okay?
08:53:590Michele De Carli: Sure.
08:57:680Michele De Carli: So, that is, since we are looking at finer time frame, K, that is the total of empty. So, the coefficient is the power that is defined by the way in time zone.
09:15:280Michele De Carli: buttery.
09:16:370Michele De Carli: Energy, okay? Energy.
09:21:280Michele De Carli: So, energy is what is the energy required by energy over the lenses of energy.
09:32:380Michele De Carli: Okay, so we have two different, okay, two different programs, but we need to face them, okay? We, as designers, we need to face them.
09:43:30Michele De Carli: We need to face both all.
09:49:210Michele De Carli: Okay, so let's start with the design conditions. So, let's start with the severe conditions. So, as you can imagine, the most critical conditions that we have, okay, these are…
10:07:900Michele De Carli: If you have some crystal freeze, Listen.
10:14:30Michele De Carli: So, at least… I have some photos for you, but it seemed that,
10:22:160Michele De Carli: Okay, so, yeah, so, as I told you, when we talk about the permanent balance, we have that the ego, the internal gains, and the segregation, they help us in winter to impact everything. Okay, so…
10:40:510Michele De Carli: If we want to consider
10:43:380Michele De Carli: If we want to consider extreme conditions, and we want to, let's say, make… Consider the worst, worse.
10:58:510Michele De Carli: Then, we put the machine to sleep, and there's some radiation in data. Because in that case, if we don't consider them, okay, the heating, the heating…
11:12:370Michele De Carli: season, okay, is able to face, let's say, a decent attributions.
11:20:430Michele De Carli: Also, okay, we… that, of course, has internal conditions reconsider the temperature of 27 degrees C, okay, because this is the…
11:30:970Michele De Carli: Okay, at least we, we, we have not really… we are not able to…
11:44:750Michele De Carli: fix the relatively meaning, but let's say that we want to keep it below 60%, and we'll see why.
11:54:240Michele De Carli: And I can say that, these are the conditions. So, what you can consider, then, is the…
12:01:850Michele De Carli: the worst condition in terms of, outer temperature. So the outer temperature is the most, or the coldest temperature that we might have, and we consider to keep this temperature
12:16:320Michele De Carli: comes up all over the time. So, in winter conditions, or in the design conditions in winter, we consider steady-state condition. Okay, so steady-state condition means that we are not considering any dynamic behavior of the…
12:31:740Michele De Carli: you have the experience that when you switch on your heating system in the morning, you need some time to get to reach the set point, okay? So when you switch on your radiators, okay.
12:46:940Michele De Carli: before you get 30 degrees in the room, it takes half an hour, one hour, two hours, depending on the thermal inertia of your building, okay? So in that case, we are not considering any dynamic condition, any thermal inertia. We just consider
13:04:310Michele De Carli: So that means that we are to stop what we would consider in case of the falls.
13:11:750Michele De Carli: It could be just the, the physical conditions, or the resistance of the wall, okay? So we're not, we're not considering any thermal capacity, okay, or any capacitance
13:23:580Michele De Carli: In the book.
13:25:250Michele De Carli: And, the design temperature is this condition, we see how we can find that, okay?
13:35:400Michele De Carli: So, for calculating the peak power, which has to be delivered by the heating system, then we consider outdoor temperature constant, the steady state conditions.
13:48:70Michele De Carli: 20 degrees as inner condition, no solar gain, no internal gains, okay? So these are… this is the most critical condition that we might have, and if we face… if the heating system, if the… if the perimeter, its emission system, is able
14:06:260Michele De Carli: To fulfill these conditions, Then, it can provide comfort any time of the year.
14:12:790Michele De Carli: Okay?
14:14:710Michele De Carli: Just to mention, okay, here in Italy, in Padua, okay, the design temperature is minus 5 degrees C, okay? So you can… so you have to think about that the radiators are set up, are sized for
14:29:10Michele De Carli: facing a constant outside temperature of minus 5 degrees, without any solar radiation, without internal gaze, okay? So, your experience
14:37:390Michele De Carli: Okay, we had almost a cold winter this year, okay? We could fall below, even below minus 5 degrees, but only during nighttime, okay? So, you can feel that these conditions are, let's say, much…
14:56:860Michele De Carli: Stronger, or much, colder than the usual condition that we might have, even in case of a cold, a cold
15:06:940Michele De Carli: Period, okay, that we might…
15:14:250Michele De Carli: What about summer? So, what about the cooling condition? So, the cooling condition, of course.
15:20:00Michele De Carli: The most critical condition, we said, that we can consider that the hottest period is in July, okay?
15:28:560Michele De Carli: And of course, the… in this case, the, as I was mentioning, the most critical, the most protecting parameter, as you will, you will experience by, by, by.
15:41:130Michele De Carli: by working in Excel will be very subtle addition to the classes, okay? And of course, which is the
15:49:330Michele De Carli: most critical or most severe condition for the solar radiation, PSK conditions. Okay, so perfectly, PSCAR conditions. So, this is the, the, let's say, the condition that we consider
16:06:460Michele De Carli: And in that case, we should consider the maximum, the maximum solar radiation that we might have in a certain location. Of course, the maximum solar radiation that we might have in clear-scale condition is just… it's only a question of liquid, okay? So.
16:26:260Michele De Carli: It's just dependent on the latitude, because we are considering a clear sky conditions, so the solar radiation reaching a certain location will depend just on the latitude, okay? Because we consider that there are no clouds, no fog, no nothing, okay?
16:44:640Michele De Carli: In this case, we need to consider the dynamic collision of the cooling. So, in that case, as you will see, okay, and you will, you will need to understand, when we talk about the cooling, the calculation of the cooling power, okay.
17:03:890Michele De Carli: I'm going over there.
17:05:579Michele De Carli: In this case, we need to consider also the thermal inertia of the building, okay? So in that case, there was… we will not be handled, will not be managed just as pure resistances, okay? So we are not linking only a steady state condition, but we need to consider the dynamic conditions.
17:24:470Michele De Carli: There are certain… this is the most critical point in the load calculations, or in the… in the thermal balance. So, the dynamic thermal balance over the rule, okay, is… has been always, okay, a problem.
17:37:780Michele De Carli: Especially in the past, when we had no powerful computers, and the population methods were quite complicated.
17:46:990Michele De Carli: So, we will see how to, let's say, do, in a simplified way, okay, this calculation. The… the ones of you who make the analogies, they run the dynamic… the dynamic, full dynamic approach, okay? Here we will…
18:02:440Michele De Carli: use a simplified method. In any case, even with the simplified methods, you need to consider
18:09:490Michele De Carli: The desiring day. The desiring day means clear sky conditions, so the 24 hours solar emission, so you do the calculation hour by hour, okay?
18:18:940Michele De Carli: And…
18:21:630Michele De Carli: you consider also the, parental fluctuation that you have, usually, in, in, in this location. Here in, in, in, in, Padua, the, the, the, the.
18:38:500Michele De Carli: The design, temperature is 34 degrees, okay, see? And… This is maximum.
18:48:530Michele De Carli: And we have 9 degrees C as vector.
18:53:360Michele De Carli: Sorry, I left, I've been listening.
18:56:490Michele De Carli: debate.
18:57:880Michele De Carli: So this is… these are the design conditions, okay?
19:08:700Michele De Carli: In this case, we also include the internal gains, because the internal gains, they are, okay, part of the cooling load, because
19:18:60Michele De Carli: In that case, the cooling system has not only to face the, let's say, weather or climatic conditions, but should also, okay, include the internet, because they are willing to heat up, okay, the room temperature.
19:36:180Michele De Carli: Again, relative humidity, okay, you assume to have that as 50%, which is a usual, let's say, average demand, okay? We will talk about the relative humidity, okay, when we talk about the kind of
19:54:620Michele De Carli: I would like to mention that, in this case, okay, usually, sorry, in winter conditions, sorry, summer conditions, okay, this is the, the, the, the chart, the,
20:11:610Michele De Carli: Humidity chart, okay? This humidity ratio, and this is the temperature, okay?
20:16:810Michele De Carli: Usually, then you can consider to have.
20:21:860Michele De Carli: Usually the desired conditions are related to the maximum temperature, and with the maximum temperature, you have also a viewpoint temperature, the desired conditions, or the equality.
20:33:50Michele De Carli: Okay? In our case, a territory, this unit, we have 20% of the active limit. And this is… these are the destination.
20:42:90Michele De Carli: And usually, over the design, the condition, the humidity ratio is constant on the limit.
20:53:390Michele De Carli: Along the… the… the… the… The design condition, the daily design condition.
21:03:820Michele De Carli: Okay So…
21:08:480Michele De Carli: we need to do the calculation hour by hour, so we need to do at least 24 calculations, okay? So you will see how to do this 24 calculation, but it will be handled by an Excel file, of course, okay?
21:23:540Michele De Carli: Okay,
21:27:420Michele De Carli: I don't want to go too much in detail on that, okay, but as I was mentioning, we have, there are, let's say, since
21:38:260Michele De Carli: almost, let's say, beginning of 2000, okay, we have also the concept of magnular activities. In this case, okay, the building is supposed not to be cooled, okay, by any cooling device, okay?
21:55:320Michele De Carli: So in that case, what you should do, you should check in the design conditions, which can be the temperatures inside of the building, and the building is for clicking, okay? So, in that case, you should
22:09:330Michele De Carli: then work with dynamic detail calculation, okay? Anyway, we are talking about heating and cooling systems, so we will not look at that, okay? So we just, we will just…
22:23:820Michele De Carli: the… Okay?
22:27:810Michele De Carli: So, yes, for cooling, we will consider 26 degrees as operative temperature in the case, so as indoor temperature, because we are saying that 26 degrees
22:40:260Michele De Carli: is still an acceptable value for today, and that is the temperature that we use the matrix, okay?
22:50:190Michele De Carli: Okay, so, this is what we have considered for the… for the design conditions, okay? We will mainly focus on the design conditions, so we will… since we are working mainly on the sizing of this.
23:09:370Michele De Carli: system, the distribution system, and then the generation system, okay? So we will mainly look at the, design conditions, even though, okay, some of the, some of the choices of the decisions that we need to, to,
23:30:480Michele De Carli: To define when we size the heating and cooling system.
23:34:840Michele De Carli: should consider also the operation of our system outside the design conditions, okay? And that is because, as I told you, the design conditions in winter are rarely or never met, okay, or just once in a season.
23:53:710Michele De Carli: In… here in Padua, we hit from the half of October to half of
24:02:510Michele De Carli: of April, which is 181 days, so 6 months, okay, so you can consider that you might have 1 day over 180 days, okay, which is desired condition, and the rest of the period, you are outside the desired condition, of course.
24:20:510Michele De Carli: In summer, we… since you can feel that, you can… you can understand that you might have more conditions, more days.
24:29:800Michele De Carli: which are design conditions than you have, okay? But also, in this case, as we see, we should consider some conditions that we might have outside, okay, which could affect the operation of our system. In any case.
24:48:700Michele De Carli: we, we, we need to, we need to calculate the peak loads of the power for GTM, okay?
24:59:620Michele De Carli: As the, but, this is one part of the, of the, of the work, and, we will mainly focus on that, okay? Anyway.
25:11:560Michele De Carli: I have to mention that, usually the designer has to also consider
25:20:260Michele De Carli: the, basically, the energy required by the beginning, okay? So, the designer is not only, looking at the speaker.
25:33:120Michele De Carli: load for heating and cooling, but should also consider, then, the energy requirement of the dating for heating and cooling. And from this part of… from this point of view.
25:42:760Michele De Carli: We have some, let's say, limits, okay, which have been introduced already in the 70s, okay, in order to limit the energy source section of the…
25:55:20Michele De Carli: Okay? So…
26:11:110Michele De Carli: Okay, I'll continue, because in Zoom, okay, there is… there will be the recording, so there is also…
26:20:910Michele De Carli: So… the,
26:28:10Michele De Carli: the energy, the energy, remember, UVB, same energy needed UV, then should consider, as I told you, the average outer commission, the average kinetic conditions.
26:41:740Michele De Carli: From this point of view, we have, each, each county has its own standard, okay, so for the weather conditions, of course, there are national standards, and you cannot have the European standard.
26:58:540Michele De Carli: In Italy, the entire standard is the U and I, 10, 3, 4, 9, okay? And in this standard, you have
27:11:420Michele De Carli: the, weather conditions of all locations of Italy, okay, which are, let's say, defined produce type niche, okay, so in each
27:22:410Michele De Carli: main, city of the province, okay? You have the, the weather, okay, the weather specification, okay?
27:33:70Michele De Carli: And in this case, you have the values for the temperature, solar radiation, okay, and also the, pressure.
27:44:880Michele De Carli: Or the vapor pressure,
27:50:940Michele De Carli: Yes, I think you're… yeah, the vapor pressure, the partial vapor pressure, okay, at the monthly… at the monthly level, okay? So…
28:01:420Michele De Carli: what should you do? Then, in this case, in this case, what you have to do is to make a mandatory calculations, so in that case, you should consider
28:14:590Michele De Carli: Let's say how the building is, behaving, is responding to the, to the outdoor condition in winter, in wintertime. So, let's say from October to April, okay.
28:29:540Michele De Carli: And, and, in that case, you will, consider, again, 20 degrees C as, as indoor condition, okay.
28:41:450Michele De Carli: you consider the internal gains, the average internal gains that you have, okay, so you… you try to, let's say, calculate, to estimate the energy demand of your building, okay, considering the average condition and the average use of your building, okay?
28:58:230Michele De Carli: I don't go in detail on that, okay? Here you have two different calculation methods, okay? One is called the standard calculation method, okay, a standardized method, where you consider that all the buildings are used at the same… with the same,
29:14:770Michele De Carli: So, yeah, standard conditions, okay, so standard use in the building.
29:20:240Michele De Carli: You can have, instead, an operational rating, okay, so you can do an operational rating, so when you want to do an energy object, okay.
29:29:240Michele De Carli: So you try to simulate the building, and to analyze the building as much as possible as it is used. Okay, so the first… so this last part is mainly used to try to
29:42:230Michele De Carli: Check if your estimated energy demand compared to the real consumption of the building, okay.
29:50:90Michele De Carli: In the other case, okay, so in the standardized case, in that case, you can, your building energy demand will be different from the real consumption, okay, but in that case.
30:04:850Michele De Carli: you can compare one building to another, because the boundary conditions are the same, okay? So in that case.
30:11:760Michele De Carli: And that is the standardized method, okay, the standardized use in the building is what you use when you make the energy certificate. The energy certificate, okay.
30:21:240Michele De Carli: Is meant to, let's say, compare one building to another, and to rate one deficiency of one building compared to another.
30:33:130Michele De Carli: Okay, so in that case, you need to, standardize the use.
30:38:650Michele De Carli: Okay,
30:40:840Michele De Carli: From this point of view, we will not work that much, okay? Of course, we will make a very simplified calculation, okay?
30:50:740Michele De Carli: But the… it is just for you to understand, okay, some figures, okay, some, some, let's say, to have some ideas about that, okay? But this is mainly the topic of the energy leading course, okay? So here, we are not really…
31:30:640Michele De Carli: Okay.
31:31:720Michele De Carli: Alright, so, so this is, okay, that, so that is, but I want to mention that as designer, as an engineer.
31:43:940Michele De Carli: This is mandatory, okay? The energy, the energy required, the energy, analysis of the building is mandatory, okay? So we need to do that, okay?
31:56:780Michele De Carli: And in this case, you have a standardized method, okay, which is implemented by all the, okay, by all the tools that are available in Congress.
32:08:950Michele De Carli: Yes, the same in summer, okay, the same in summer, also in summer, okay, you consider exactly the bound… the average conditions, okay, which are also defined here, okay?
32:21:890Michele De Carli: And, and again, you,
32:26:590Michele De Carli: Not so much. Love that. I just…
32:30:40Michele De Carli: I just moved to the slide ahead. So in that case, we consider the average salivation, which is measured, okay, it's the average that you have
32:40:680Michele De Carli: outside, so it's not like in the design day, where you have clear sky condition. In that case, you consider the average solar addition, month by month, that you have, okay, on the site, considering cloudy conditions, showers, and so on, okay?
32:55:660Michele De Carli: And also, the outdoor temperature is the average outdoor temperature over a certain period of time.
33:02:790Michele De Carli: And, again, internal case, you consider as the… okay, so basically, the, the calculation method is,
33:13:490Michele De Carli: is, done for, estimating the energy demand for heating.
33:19:240Michele De Carli: One, just one comment on that, okay? But no, I will… I will talk about that in the, in the next, sections, okay? Not friends. So,
33:36:70Michele De Carli: And, and this is for the natural identity. So…
33:39:820Michele De Carli: to summarize everything, okay, to, sum up, all the… what I wanted to… what I, tried to explain so far, okay? We have mainly, let's say, two… well, we have, four issues to be concerned, okay?
33:57:730Michele De Carli: Two are related with the sizing, okay, and two are related with the energy required at the heating, okay? So, the sizing is the heat power in heating and cooling, okay, and you use that for designing, for sizing the heating system and the cooling system.
34:15:90Michele De Carli: And in this case, you size the system in order to face the most critical position. On the other side, okay, you have, based on your assumption and the decisions that you're doing in the sizing and the data signing, then
34:30:540Michele De Carli: your building and the HVAC plant will lead to a certain energy requirement for heating and cooling, and the energy, let's say, the energy performance of your fuel, okay?
34:46:80Michele De Carli: And, of course, in this case, you should consider the emission system, the distribution system, and the generation system, so all the efficiencies of the sub, let's say, subsystems that we have. This emission system is determined, so this one here, this, let's say, heat exchanger at the end, okay?
35:06:250Michele De Carli: The distribution system, how you distribute the water, for instance, okay, if you insulate the pipes or not, okay, where do they, whether, where…
35:18:340Michele De Carli: If they are traveling on the outer part of the wall, if they are inside, okay? So, depending on that, you might have more Earths.
35:27:790Michele De Carli: losses, okay? So, power?
35:31:50Michele De Carli: energy, heating, okay? We will mainly focus on the sizing, okay? We will. Anyway.
35:40:130Michele De Carli: Try to make, okay, some decisions in order to consider also how the system then will work in, let's say, conditions inside of the destination, okay?
35:53:420Michele De Carli: Okay, so…
35:56:610Michele De Carli: From this point of view, we are going to look, first of all, at how to estimate the loss of the reading, okay, because it is important.
36:09:220Michele De Carli: And then, we are going to see how to size this system, how to select, how to choose these 7 different systems, okay?
36:16:960Michele De Carli: And then, in the last part of the, of the, of the, of the course, we are going to see also how to control this, this,
36:25:400Michele De Carli: the mission of the thermal output of these systems in order to face
36:31:270Michele De Carli: Different loads in the different periods of time of the year, okay?
36:37:130Michele De Carli: Okay, so this is, let's say, this is the scope of the…
36:44:30Michele De Carli: Of the work, let's say, that we have to do.
36:47:240Michele De Carli: Now, let's try to, let's say, summarize in brief.
36:52:630Michele De Carli: the kinetic condition, and what we will use, okay, here, in terms of, of, regular kinetic conditions, okay? Most of this part here is overlapping with an engine buildings, but of course, nothing of you did the course, so…
37:11:980Michele De Carli: Okay, I, I, I… i.e.
37:16:720Michele De Carli: Yeah, I'm sorry, but I need to make some sort of really break up, okay, in a very shorter way, okay?
37:25:790Michele De Carli: Okay, so…
37:29:420Michele De Carli: the climatic conditions that can be defined here, okay, let's say, which are, let's say, the parameters, okay, that we might have, what? Outer temperature, relative humidity, or vapor pressure, okay? Speed and redirection, and solar radiation, okay? So, usually, the…
37:50:190Michele De Carli: Speed and redirection, okay, it might be important, but let's say that usually this is the less
37:58:240Michele De Carli: critical parameter to be consider, okay? So, or you could consider it, okay, just in, in, let's say, for detailed calculation of detail. So, in principle, we can strip that, and we've all talked about speed and direction.
38:16:170Michele De Carli: to all the force, okay? So, what is left is outer temperature.
38:23:380Michele De Carli: vapor pressure, or relative humidity, and solar radiation, okay? So, we will mainly look at these two parameters, okay, right now, okay?
38:33:130Michele De Carli: Because what we are going to do is to first look in at the so-called
38:40:420Michele De Carli: sensible thermal balance of the moon, okay, so it's just the heat transfer that we have on the walls, windows, and so on, and the sensible, okay, load that we have for ventilation.
38:54:530Michele De Carli: And then we will talk about the vapor pressure and relative humidity, when we are going then to talk about the latent balance, okay, the vapor mass balance, the mass vapor balance, the vapor mass balance of
39:07:520Michele De Carli: Yeah, okay? So, right now, we will mainly talk about outdoor… the outdoor temperature and the solar radiation, which are responsible of the sensible load, okay? Sensible load.
39:25:510Michele De Carli: And the relative humidity is affecting the latent load, okay, or latent calculation, okay?
39:34:350Michele De Carli: Remember, it's not that the latent lobe is not important, okay? It must be…
39:39:430Michele De Carli: As much relevant, or even more relevant than they
39:43:110Michele De Carli: Then there's a sensible node, okay, but we can split the problem in two. So we have two different
39:50:60Michele De Carli: To define the, thermal balances that you can.
39:55:520Michele De Carli: Okay, so, outward temperature. How can we define the… which are the temperatures that might be defined? Well.
40:05:440Michele De Carli: Of course, very important.
40:08:730Michele De Carli: is the design condition. Okay, so we need to set the design conditions for heating and cooling, okay, so in winter and summer, so the most severe condition that we might have in winter and summer.
40:21:690Michele De Carli: Then one important parameter that can be used is the average yearly temperature. That is mainly used, okay, for the, for the…
40:40:430Michele De Carli: ground so simple plant. Okay, so when we talk about ground so simple plant, we use the original temperature, because this is the temperature that we might find, okay, below the ground. Okay, and this is the design parameter that we can use for sizing the ground so simple.
40:57:290Michele De Carli: on the ground, it exchanges, let's say, okay?
41:01:820Michele De Carli: Then, we have another parameter that we are going to see, and where we're going to spend some time, is the degree day. The degree day is, let's say, the amount is representing the amount of heating that we need in this zone, as you see.
41:18:460Michele De Carli: Okay, these are… the spot parameters, okay, so we say design temperature, warm value for winter.
41:27:510Michele De Carli: two values in summer, the maximum temperature and the delta T fluctuation that we have in the design condition, okay?
41:34:750Michele De Carli: The one temperature for the average yearly temperature.
41:38:470Michele De Carli: and one value for the degree day. Okay, so these are very simplified, okay, one, two values, okay?
41:46:560Michele De Carli: Then we can go more in nature. We can consider 12 monthly average temperature, okay? And this is what you usually do when you want to do the
41:57:650Michele De Carli: energy calculation over one year. The energy certificate of the building is based on 12 monthly average calculation, okay? And I will explain a little bit how it works, but I won't go in detail.
42:13:870Michele De Carli: And then we can have a more detailed calculation, up to, let's say, a so-called test here. Test reference here means 24 times
42:23:880Michele De Carli: 365 hours, so 8760, 87… 8,760 hours, okay, so hourly values, and you can do this, of course. In this case, you need to handle 8,800 values, in this case, 12 values.
42:43:500Michele De Carli: in this case, one-click values, okay? So these are easier, easier to handle the methodology, okay?
42:54:770Michele De Carli: So, we will mainly look at these three.
42:59:930Michele De Carli: parameters here in the course, okay? The… the… this, this approach is the approach in energy and data.
43:09:920Michele De Carli: No.
43:11:730Michele De Carli: I told you, let's, okay, the average yearly time that is considered for ground, to representative of the ground temperature, okay?
43:22:30Michele De Carli: In this case, okay, we… when we talk about desired temperature in winter condition, this is the minimum temperature in the conservative way, okay, which can be defined in a zone, okay?
43:40:610Michele De Carli: It is used to calculate room by room that power. Why it's important to know which is the power in this room? Because the power that
43:48:370Michele De Carli: is needed in this room element has to be faced by these three-bit exchanges, by this priority, okay? And you face the size of these are the insertions, okay, which are made with four columns, and you can see the right side.
44:04:740Michele De Carli: Okay, let's say. Okay, there, they are, at the end, a surface, okay, so…
44:15:930Michele De Carli: We could have less elements, okay, but in that case, we should have less surface. Okay, so the surface, the area of this heat exchanger, okay, is leading to a certain power delivery.
44:30:330Michele De Carli: Thank you.
44:31:580Michele De Carli: And also the whole, the sum of all rules of the generations, okay?
44:41:660Michele De Carli: So, how can you define the winter conditions? So, you can make a statistic analysis, okay? And here, this is the Asherai standard, okay, or this is the… the ASHRA,
44:54:110Michele De Carli: values that you might find, okay, so depending on the occurrence of, of time that you are considering. So, if you consider the, the dry boom temperature to be occurred, 99.6 of, of,
45:14:210Michele De Carli: of a coolant, and 99, for instance, okay, you could consider one temperature or PR, okay? Here you can see the different places, locations that you have, okay? So, for instance, high sequence, minus 23 degrees, okay? Of course, only city.
45:32:710Michele De Carli: You can see that, where is it?
45:36:890Michele De Carli: Yes, for instance, okay, you can see that, What did I have the…
45:43:190Michele De Carli: Yes, there is Riyadh, okay? Riyadh is in Saudi Arabia, okay.
45:48:170Michele De Carli: And you can see that it's 6 degrees C, okay, so 5 degrees C, okay, so…
45:53:160Michele De Carli: It's very… you are close to the… you are in the tropical area, but you'll see cigars. Why?
46:01:140Michele De Carli: Should we have this low temperature?
46:07:230Michele De Carli: Because of the altitude.
46:08:860Michele De Carli: Okay, you might have locations where, I mean, it could be in climatic… in warm climatic conditions, but due to the altitude, okay, the winter conditions could be anyway, okay? So in reality, you need to heat the rating, and you have to consider heating, and of course, rain, don't hit for the risk, okay?
46:27:660Michele De Carli: And so, the weather conditions are quite different from all these storms.
46:33:760Michele De Carli: Do you know how… how the design temperatures have been set here in Italy?
46:39:370Michele De Carli: Oh, okay, because there was an engineer in Milan.
46:42:140Michele De Carli: who was calling by phone in the 70s, 60s, okay, was calling the planters in the cities, asking which is more or less the temperature that you use for sizing the radiators. Well, usually minus… so minus 5 degrees, minus 30, okay, this is…
46:58:820Michele De Carli: Based on the survey, okay, of, of, of practitioners, so now we have these, these, temperatures, which are not really, based on, on, on measured data, but mainly on the feeding, on the survey, on the experience of the
47:15:610Michele De Carli: Okay?
47:18:740Michele De Carli: So that is why we had minus 5DC.
47:22:360Michele De Carli: Okay, so, this is for the design temperature in… design temperature in summer, similarly, okay, we, we can consider, the, the… you have the, the…
47:37:860Michele De Carli: Maximum temperature, okay, so you have the maximum temperature, and you have the, temperature difference of, in the design. Okay, so for instance, here at Triad, you have 44 degrees.
47:55:230Michele De Carli: As maximum temperature, and, let's say, 30 degrees as minimum temperature.
48:01:450Michele De Carli: Okay, so you have the maximum temperature and the delta. Okay, so that you can estimate the minimum and maximum temperature that you have in the design conditions for this location, okay?
48:15:440Michele De Carli: Yes, for instance, if you're… if you are planning to cool a building in Tokyo, okay, or to hit a building, the building should face minus 70 degrees C for heat… for heating.
48:31:560Michele De Carli: and 32, okay, between 24 and 32 degrees in Natsaka. And, as I told you, Okay? In…
48:42:320Michele De Carli: Corresponding to the maximum temperature, you have also the Red Bull temperature, so that you can calculate the humidity
48:50:510Michele De Carli: that you have in desired condition.
48:55:410Michele De Carli: Okay?
48:57:930Michele De Carli: Oof.
49:02:220Michele De Carli: How can you then define the profile of the 24 hours in the desired day in summer, okay? In winter, it's steady state, so we just need one temperature, which is fixed all over the day.
49:15:410Michele De Carli: In the summer.
49:17:10Michele De Carli: This is, okay,
49:19:930Michele De Carli: How you can, okay, build the, the temperature for future over 24 hours.
49:29:700Michele De Carli: Okay, so you can see that, it is assumed to… so it's the maximum temperature that you have, the design condition, the delta T minus, okay, a certain quantity.
49:43:230Michele De Carli: So, at 5 AM solar time, okay, you have the minimum temperature just before the sun rises, okay? And in this case, it's 1 pH, so you have the eminent temperature minus the delta T that you have, so this is the minimum temperature.
50:03:430Michele De Carli: The maximum temperature is when this P factor is 0, and this is a 3PM, solar pan, okay? And in this case, you… you can have, since pH is 0, okay, then this equation leads to the maximum.
50:22:310Michele De Carli: Moreover, and then, of course, the… so the… and in that case, by using this.
50:29:450Michele De Carli: pH, okay, you can… you can build up the, okay, usual power that you might have in the design delicious mess.
50:38:770Michele De Carli: Okay, so by using this equation, you're able to build up the usual profile that you might have in a typical design-based condition.
50:48:230Michele De Carli: Okay, so that is all for the design conditions. Let's now have a look at the degree that is what it is, what it is. Well, basically.
51:02:250Michele De Carli: Degree day is, as I told you, is, beginning the, the measure
51:09:400Michele De Carli: It's a value that is, let's say, linked to the potential of heating and cooling in wine.
51:20:410Michele De Carli: In one location, okay? So we can define the so-called heating degree days and the cooling degree days. So we can consider, let's say, the simplified way, which is the demand for heating degree.
51:40:990Michele De Carli: Take care, because the heating degree days are well established.
51:46:850Michele De Carli: have a well-established value, okay? And here, in Italy, there is also… there might be also part of a contract, okay, when you make a contract, for instance, for providing energy to a building, or when you make
52:02:840Michele De Carli: If you are, for instance, a nest coordinator, I can propose an efficiency measure on a building, okay?
52:12:800Michele De Carli: the cooling degree days are, instead, slightly more difficult, or there is not only just one definition, okay? So, the cooling degree days.
52:23:990Michele De Carli: They can be defined in different ways, okay? And that is not a clear rule for calculating economic values, okay? Okay, so what is the… what does the mean? Well.
52:42:00Michele De Carli: We can consider the indoor condition that we have in winter, in summer. So, we can consider a temperature
52:53:880Michele De Carli: inside, What we can do, we can consider.
52:58:150Michele De Carli: The average daily temperature that we have outside, okay? And we can consider, day by day, the difference between the indoor temperature, so in the winter, 20 degrees, and the outdoor temperature.
53:12:720Michele De Carli: Okay, so we can build up the degree day for heating.
53:16:930Michele De Carli: by calculating the temperature difference day by day, okay, of the indoor temperature, 20, and the outdoor temperature. Today, for instance, I don't know, it's in the matter, I mean, 20, I think that we might have maybe 10 degrees soon, okay, as average temperature, you know what I would say.
53:35:100Michele De Carli: So, today, we have 10 degree days, okay, as temperature difference between inside 20 and outside 10.
53:44:100Michele De Carli: I don't know, maybe 2 months ago, we might have 1 degree C as our temperature on average this day, so in that day, we could have 20 minus 1, okay, which is… which was 19 degree days.
53:58:730Michele De Carli: And you can sum up all the temperature difference day by day, okay?
54:04:840Michele De Carli: In order to have, let's say, an integral of this temperature difference between the inner condition and the outer average condition, they do outer and everything.
54:16:90Michele De Carli: Of course, You should consider a certain
54:21:860Michele De Carli: pressure level, okay, so usually, it is a very well-established rule, that is why the heating liquidates are well-established.
54:29:560Michele De Carli: a calculated method.
54:31:490Michele De Carli: So, on average, if the outdoor temperature
54:35:430Michele De Carli: Average temperature is above 12 degrees.
54:38:830Michele De Carli: It is assumed that you don't need heating, okay? So, let's say that you are doing this calculation.
54:45:860Michele De Carli: Only when the outer average temperature is above… sorry, is below 12 degrees. Okay, so if the outer temperature is above 12 degrees C, okay, you might not need… you should not need heating. Why? Because you have the solar radiation, yeah, the internal gains.
55:05:190Michele De Carli: Which are facing all the losses that you might have by having 25 BC here and 20 BC, so…
55:12:820Michele De Carli: Of course, it's the temperature.
55:16:70Michele De Carli: increases, if the temperature difference increases, so if the outdoor temperature decreases, then the heat loss that you have to the envelope
55:26:150Michele De Carli: will be much greater than the internal gains in the solar gain, so that you are not able to have 20 degrees, okay, on average in the room, so…
55:37:880Michele De Carli: ATMs, okay? So, this, so you…
55:44:290Michele De Carli: you can calculate the heating degree days as temperature difference between 20 degrees C inside and the outdoor temperature outside, day by day, only when the daily outdoor temperature
55:58:760Michele De Carli: falls below to our dignity.
56:01:400Michele De Carli: Gay?
56:03:60Michele De Carli: All right.
56:10:80Michele De Carli: So this is a very well assumption. You can do also the cooling load… sorry, the cooling degree day calculation.
56:17:240Michele De Carli: In that case, you will consider, for instance, 26 degrees C, okay.
56:23:720Michele De Carli: and the average temperature outside. In this case, of course, you will consider, okay, the… a certain threshold, value, which is not, okay, it can change from
56:39:400Michele De Carli: In the literature, okay, there are several values, okay, several,
56:44:480Michele De Carli: pressure that needs to be calculated. Also, on the indoor temperature, okay, there is
56:50:940Michele De Carli: there is also some debate, okay? So, the cooling every day, okay, it can be calculated in different ways. It can be relatively used to… just to estimate if the location needs more cooling than another one, okay?
57:07:610Michele De Carli: But it's not a very established method as the heating ability. Okay, so today, hitting every day is, let's say, a recognized methodology, okay, to consider the… or to be relevant for the termination of the Hilary.
57:27:890Michele De Carli: Okay.
57:29:200Michele De Carli: You can do day by day, You can also
57:35:410Michele De Carli: Make the calculation considering the average monthly temperature of this location.
57:42:20Michele De Carli: So, in that case, you can consider the temperature difference between 20 degrees C and the average outer temperature, okay?
57:52:900Michele De Carli: And, of course, you have to multiply this temperature difference by the number of the days of the month.
58:00:580Michele De Carli: Okay? So, for instance, here in parallel, you will use
58:05:280Michele De Carli: Since we start on the 15th of October, we consider 16 days in October.
58:12:370Michele De Carli: 30 days in November, 31 days in December, 31 days in January 28th.
58:21:220Michele De Carli: in February, 31 in March, and 16 in March
58:28:290Michele De Carli: In April, okay? And in that case, by using the outer temperature, the average monthly temperature that you have, the calculation is very big, okay? So you don't have to, download all the
58:44:880Michele De Carli: Average, baby temperature, but you're just not see the limit.
58:49:350Michele De Carli: Of course!
58:52:780Michele De Carli: When the outer temperature is Bill, that is, okay?
58:59:940Michele De Carli: So, what is, then, the meaning of this
59:04:20Michele De Carli: of this, of this, of this particular vector. Well, you can see that here, okay, so the dots, they represent the test reference here, so the daily outer temperature, average temperature that you have in the clearing times, okay? So this is the test reference here of Venice.
59:23:740Michele De Carli: And in this case, you can see that the dots, they reference that the letters.
59:30:540Michele De Carli: The green is just the average monthly temperature, okay?
59:37:820Michele De Carli: And the red line represents the indoor temperature, the blue line represents attraction, okay, at trans temperature, which is 20 BC.
59:46:600Michele De Carli: So, basically, the Greeley Day.
59:49:210Michele De Carli: are representing the integral between the indoor temperature and the outdoor average temperature. The monthly average outdoor temperature, okay.
00:00:760Michele De Carli: when the outer monthly temperature falls below 20 degrees. Okay, so basically, the green area is representing the degree day of the
00:12:330Michele De Carli: Okay? So, in this case, we can, use, okay, so here in Tableau, the degree dancing is…
00:22:840Michele De Carli: I don't remember exactly, but it's around.
00:37:840Michele De Carli: Okay, the degree there for eating is right about 2,020, okay?
00:42:670Michele De Carli: So, in this case, You can't consider
00:49:150Michele De Carli: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December, okay?
00:59:580Michele De Carli: These days.
01:06:170Michele De Carli: dominate the roadie plants.
01:11:690Michele De Carli: Okay, so… What is the… so, we consider 20 degrees inside.
01:23:280Michele De Carli: And because in their interaction, I really love Putin.
01:32:990Michele De Carli: That is. This is the threshold, and this is the indoor threshold.
01:37:670Michele De Carli: So, if we have… Okay? If we had…
01:44:960Michele De Carli: this… the new temperature is usually July, sorry, January, and the next move is July, okay? So, you can see that,
01:55:590Michele De Carli: So this is, okay, this might be a degrade, degrade, okay, in, for the location.
02:04:710Michele De Carli: While people research, okay.
02:07:750Michele De Carli: What do we have if we have a colder planet, a colder location?
02:13:990Michele De Carli: So, it might be that the location, okay, will shift down the average monthly temperature. Okay, so that may be rather, instead of disturb, we might have this kind of current theory, okay?
02:28:670Michele De Carli: So what is the effect of this shift in the code? We have two effects, okay? First of all.
02:36:840Michele De Carli: We have an increased area, So, the degree day, the heat and degree day in location 2,
02:45:950Michele De Carli: And this location one.
02:47:840Michele De Carli: the heating liquidity in location 2 is greater than heating degree in location 1, okay, because the integral is greater, okay? So, I just highlighted the red area, which is the difference between the orange and the red, okay? Of course, the heating degree for the location 2,
03:07:350Michele De Carli: is the area right plus the area average. Okay, so it's the internet.
03:11:940Michele De Carli: And what happens also?
03:23:610Michele De Carli: we might… we might need more time for everything. So the… the… the… the…
03:32:760Michele De Carli: The time frame of the heating season.
03:36:700Michele De Carli: is longer in a colder climate than in a warmer climate. Okay, so the degree… the heated degrees, they represent, on one hand.
03:48:520Michele De Carli: the amount of energy that you have to spend in a certain location, on the other hand, the duration of the heating period of the system, okay? So the heating season period.
04:05:300Michele De Carli: So, of course, if we had…
04:09:150Michele De Carli: And another location, okay, where it is more Matthew.
04:14:900Michele De Carli: Then, we might need, okay, a few months, or less months, to hit the direction. So that is why, in Italy, we have six
04:25:460Michele De Carli: dynamic regions, A, B, C, D, E, S, okay, we are in region E. In the ups, you are in region S, okay, which is the coldest.
04:36:550Michele De Carli: There are all… there are just two municipalities, okay?
04:41:940Michele De Carli: in, enclinetic condition, A, B, C, D, okay? So, let's say that the, depending on the degree there is, okay, you have different, locations, and the, the, the.
04:57:770Michele De Carli: the locations, the zone, the climatic zones, okay, are defined by means of the GDP, okay? So…
05:06:660Michele De Carli: This is how it is, and it is defined by Israel, okay? So there is a national regulation which is classifying the climatic zones, okay, in terms of illegitimate gates funding.
05:19:560Michele De Carli: Okay?
05:23:30Michele De Carli: Okay, so, be grie day!
05:28:270Michele De Carli: is a measure to estimate the energy demand of the GB, and we use… we will use this method to determine the energy demand of our debris. It's a very trusted, simplified method, I will explain why, but it is, okay.
05:45:120Michele De Carli: A simplified method, just to have the feeling of the engine.
05:49:620Michele De Carli: Thank you.
05:50:600Michele De Carli: dinner.
05:52:600Michele De Carli: Are those watching you?
06:02:830Michele De Carli: Yes. You want the Walmart driver.
06:07:190Michele De Carli: We can… we can shift that to…
06:10:890Michele De Carli: Okay, all right, so, just to mention, and we will talk about that, okay? This is the old version of L3.9, okay, but it doesn't matter. And here you can see you have the
06:33:120Michele De Carli: average boundary temperature from January to December for each remaining seed of the commissions, okay, so you can see the commissions that you have built. Okay, this is just to show you, okay, that you can
06:48:120Michele De Carli: the… in that case, so with the degree day, you just need one calculation, okay, so one by the degree days, we will see that we are just using one equation to estimate the eligibility. In this case.
07:04:580Michele De Carli: You should do 12 calculations, because you have to do the calculations month by month.
07:09:540Michele De Carli: Okay?
07:10:840Michele De Carli: And this is what you use for the energy.
07:14:530Michele De Carli: certificate, okay? If you need to set up the certificate on the meeting, you have to follow this average monthly progression, okay?
07:25:780Michele De Carli: Okay.
07:26:710Michele De Carli: There was, in the past, also, that this…
07:32:430Michele De Carli: possibility also to estimate the average profile of the outdoor temperature month by month. Okay, but now it's a little bit not used anymore, okay.
07:44:490Michele De Carli: And this is, okay, the, what we have in terms of the thickness here. So in that case, we have, however, the outdoor temperature, but we won't talk about that, okay? The ones of you who made the energy
07:56:240Michele De Carli: calculations in energy buildings, okay, they use this tool for the dynamic calculation of the… okay.
08:04:40Michele De Carli: That's it.
08:06:470Michele De Carli: What about solar radiation? Okay, so just to re… to recap, what we are going to see is the desired condition for heating, for cooling, and the degree days, okay? We won't talk about… anymore about other, other climatic conditions. For the solid… for the
08:24:399Michele De Carli: Solariation, okay. We won't, we will just, we can have, let's say, the…
08:33:420Michele De Carli: Of course.
08:36:399Michele De Carli: Okay, we will see that we are going to use the clear side condition number, okay? In terms of… and… but this is not dependent on the location, it's just dependent on the… on the latitude, okay, because the clear side condition is just a function of the latitude.
08:54:20Michele De Carli: For the salonation, usually, you could have either a single value, an energy overall value for, it's usually estimated over
09:08:50Michele De Carli: on a horizontal plane, okay? And you have the energy, which is collected by a horizontal plane, on average over one year, or you can have 12 values month by month, in case split into direct and diffused, okay?
09:26:80Michele De Carli: And you can also go in more detail, and in the testimony series here, you have, okay, hour by hour, the diffuse and direct on the diffusion total, okay, solar relation.
09:37:750Michele De Carli: And, of course, these are based on average, too.
09:41:529Michele De Carli: Okay, I won't… I don't want to talk very much about that, because we will not,
09:48:300Michele De Carli: We won't talk about, very much about the salary action. What I want just to mention is that, yes, as we will see, okay,
09:59:210Michele De Carli: No, but we don't, we won't see that. So, okay, this is, let's say, what you can get as the average values that you might get for the different automations. Of course, what is important, yes, it is important. Remember that
10:17:550Michele De Carli: And I will, I will try to, as I will underline that thing.
10:21:790Michele De Carli: When we talk about the design condition for winter, we don't care about the orientation, so we don't care if we have one
10:31:380Michele De Carli: World facing west, east, and so on, but when we have to consider the solar radiation, so the design condition in summer, then we need to know if this wall is facing west, south, or not, because over the day, the solar radiation is changing, okay? And we will see how it affects the
10:51:200Michele De Carli: Calculation of the cooling load.
10:54:70Michele De Carli: Okay, so, that's all, not for today, but for the, for the, for this presentation, and…
11:04:980Michele De Carli: So I have to… Shame.
11:14:580Michele De Carli: I stopped the recording.