AI Assistant
Transcript
00:01:350Michele De Carli: Alright, so
00:08:980Michele De Carli: alright, so we can.
00:13:450Michele De Carli: So 1st of all, I would like to. But I cannot show you this.
00:21:570Michele De Carli: Okay.
00:26:460Michele De Carli: just a minute.
00:29:117Michele De Carli: Okay, as or just wrote by Dr. Marigo. Okay.
00:42:196Michele De Carli: I can show you here in the
00:50:00Michele De Carli: the section CC, gay, in the section in the section.
01:06:60Michele De Carli: Okay.
01:14:80Michele De Carli: okay? So in this. In the moodle. Okay, we have just uploaded the
01:19:800Michele De Carli: the, we just let's say, insert it, not upload it. You have to upload it.
01:25:660Michele De Carli: There is here. You can deliver. Pay the project. Okay, you have time until Friday evening, and
01:37:950Michele De Carli: yes, so you have to deliver the the product
01:41:760Michele De Carli: of your group. Okay, it's sufficient that one of you uploads the the project. Okay?
01:52:170Michele De Carli: Okay? So see.
02:05:870Michele De Carli: well.
02:11:880Michele De Carli: we'll talk about that at the end of the of the lecture. Okay, yes, we will arrange it. Okay.
02:21:350Michele De Carli: okay, now.
02:52:690Michele De Carli: So now we can. start. Okay. So we have seen you have seen with the professor, Vivian.
02:59:630Michele De Carli: the
03:03:84Michele De Carli: the hydraulic part. Okay. So now we are going to move into the generation. Okay, how to generate the heating and cooling. Okay, usually we, we start with the heating. But
03:19:990Michele De Carli: I mean
03:22:313Michele De Carli: the the heating part will be done by Professor Vivian. So I will mainly show you the the cooling generation. Okay, the generation of cooling, even though I will try to make it. I will do a a
03:38:170Michele De Carli: and a general introduction, looking at, heating and cooling, and also I will explain you, especially the cooling part. But, of course, what what we are going to see is also related to the heating part, which is then made in detail by Professor. Okay.
03:57:20Michele De Carli: we have organized a a seminar. Okay, together with a company
04:04:551Michele De Carli: on the data center. Okay, data center is just cooling the seminar is not? It was supposed to be tomorrow. But instead, this has been postponed to the 26 okay of May. So the 26 of May, we have the seminar of this company. The company is called higher for case one of the companies
04:24:510Michele De Carli: dealing with the the cooling of data centers. And okay, and that's it.
04:32:690Michele De Carli: So
04:34:950Michele De Carli: let's so we have seen basically the different types of heating and cooling system. We have seen how to.
04:42:980Michele De Carli: They say that we have different types of
04:47:773Michele De Carli: Of Hvac system. They can be a full air system. They can be water based solution. So just water. And we have seen that we can have a mixed air and water system from the distribution
05:06:158Michele De Carli: of the media. Okay of inside the building. Of course, we have seen also, even we didn't go in detail. But I told you that we can have also some direct expansion units. Okay, like we have in our house. Okay.
05:23:896Michele De Carli: so now.
05:26:160Michele De Carli: And we have seen also how to size, how to how to size the the system, how to design the system now, we are going to see how the the generation can be done. Okay? And of course, when looking at the generation, I can just introduce you that you will see more in detail with Professor William. And anyway, for the heating we have, of course, heating and cooling. Okay
05:55:860Michele De Carli: for heating purposes. We have. We use boilers. Okay, that especially for buildings which have been built up to, let's say, 2015. Okay, boilers can be either fossil fuels based on fossil fuels. So where where you can burn the natural gas, or the
06:23:130Michele De Carli: oil or the liquefied
06:28:980Michele De Carli: But if I petrol gas, okay? So lpg, okay,
06:37:240Michele De Carli: so that these are the main. Let's say.
06:47:390Michele De Carli: Wednesday, okay, so so this is we based on fossil fuels. Of course, we have also the
06:57:10Michele De Carli: boilers based on biomass. Okay, biomasses. We have seen in the renewable energy technology course, basically, we can
07:06:200Michele De Carli: depending on the size of the of the boiler. We can use either pellet. Okay, which are mainly used in
07:15:380Michele De Carli: in the
07:17:150Michele De Carli: in a small size applications or with chips with wooden chips. Okay? And in that case it's mainly for large. For large.
07:31:780Michele De Carli: We've been, of course, one of the most
07:39:730Michele De Carli: important and promising solution and current use. Solutions are the heat pumps. Okay, where? Depending on the source and the the sink. Okay, so depending, if you are using the air or the water as the source.
07:59:110Michele De Carli: and depending on how you distribute the heating
08:02:790Michele De Carli: in the in the building. Okay.
08:06:810Michele De Carli: you can add air to water heat tank, which means that we are
08:11:760Michele De Carli: using the air as source, and then we release the heat into the hydronic circuit which then.
08:20:668Michele De Carli: delivering the the heat in
08:24:130Michele De Carli: any kind of emission unit based on water room. With exchange.
08:31:830Michele De Carli: We can have water to water pumps where we use the water as source, which means that we can have the ground as source. We might have aquifer. We can have any kind of water.
08:47:534Michele De Carli: And in that case the source is water, and then we have also the Adronic to distribute the heat in the building.
08:56:788Michele De Carli: We have is that air to air heat pump, which is actually the split system unit that you have in your house. It's called. It's used for for cooling, but it may be also used for heating. Okay as a heat pump.
09:14:420Michele De Carli: and then not very much used here in in Europe, but very wide, extensively used in the Us. In the North North America in general.
09:25:27Michele De Carli: We might have water to air system where we can have the water resource. And then we have a direct expansion unit for heating and cooling the data. Right?
09:40:391Michele De Carli: Alright. So these are the generation system for heating, for cooling.
09:46:670Michele De Carli: Okay? And we are going to look at them. Okay? So the 1st slide is will be mainly done by Professor William. And what we are going to see today is the cooling, the different types of cooling machines where we are going to use to see, mainly because they are the most used, the most frequent solution, the compression chillers. Okay?
10:14:501Michele De Carli: Which, of course, they work
10:18:492Michele De Carli: on the water. So they they cheat the water for.
10:21:670Michele De Carli: So we have then, hydronic system.
10:24:410Michele De Carli: and and then also the direct response the when we
10:30:760Michele De Carli: use the when we use the ironic solution.
10:38:350Michele De Carli: We can
10:39:640Michele De Carli: then condense the heat into the air. Not Ari, okay, but air. Or we can condense the the heat. Okay, we have the condensation the refrigerant is condensing into the water.
10:55:970Michele De Carli: Then, yeah, in order to, let's say, discharge the the conversation with into the.
11:03:410Michele De Carli: We can have also direct expansion units like system or Drv, as we have, we, we can have also solution is called rooftop, as we will see. Okay, this is especially used for retail solution or large. Let's say solution. So this is a direct expansion. And then we have a look at briefly, about absorption which can be in principle interesting.
11:34:710Michele De Carli: So let's start with this with the the most.
11:41:570Michele De Carli: the the the most use
11:46:760Michele De Carli: a wider expenses. The new solution. This is the condensed
11:52:153Michele De Carli: the air condensed chiller. Okay, air to water chiller, you say, condensed air chiller.
11:58:210Michele De Carli: How does it work? Well, basically, this is a the.
12:06:220Michele De Carli: It has been extensively used even
12:09:935Michele De Carli: even it, just including mode. Okay, since it's a long time
12:18:730Michele De Carli: usually up to the let's say the nineties, or, let's say, up to 10 years ago. Okay, they were coupled with boil. So the usual heating and cooling solution from the generation point of view was the natural gas boiler and a condensed air chiller as this.
12:39:580Michele De Carli: What is their condensed basically is a heat pump and air to water heat pump not working the other way around. So we have basically the compressors. We have the pink oil. These pink oils in this PIN codes. We have the the refrigerant, which is condensing. Okay? And in that case
13:02:880Michele De Carli: we release.
13:05:140Michele De Carli: They hit into the or towards the outdoor environment.
13:10:960Michele De Carli: And of course, usually, as we have seen in general, we have a an outdoor temperature at about okay, 35 degrees C
13:20:716Michele De Carli: in this condition, usually the delta. So the temperature difference between the condensing the condensation temperature of the refrigerant and the and the the air is round about
13:37:530Michele De Carli: 15 degrees. Okay? So usually, if you want to release the heat at 35 degrees as outer air.
13:46:660Michele De Carli: That means that the conversation is.
13:50:710Michele De Carli: roughly speaking, at 60 degrees. Okay, so that means that you work on the operator side work and usually
14:02:410Michele De Carli: supply return temperature 7, 12. Okay, because you're cooling.
14:07:270Michele De Carli: And usually these are the temperatures that you use in the in the building
14:15:766Michele De Carli: and for condense, or in order to reject the heat at 35 degrees, usually are more or less at 15 degrees above this temperature. So at 35 degrees of people. So that means that you're you work between, let's say
14:32:920Michele De Carli: 5.
14:34:180Michele De Carli: And to see the difference right?
14:37:830Michele De Carli: Usually the er in these conditions
14:42:440Michele De Carli: is round about 3 or less. Okay? 5 degrees.
14:47:440Michele De Carli: Why 50 degrees, then?
14:49:500Michele De Carli: Because, usually you have 15 degrees between the the air and the condense you have to.
14:57:590Michele De Carli: and you have to con. This is the condensation temperature of the of the of the of the cooling cycle.
15:05:290Michele De Carli: Of course, if you make the the thin coil larger, you can have smaller temperature difference. Okay? But
15:14:935Michele De Carli: then, I mean, usually, this is the average condition. Okay.
15:20:170Michele De Carli: so you have the water in the building.
15:23:950Michele De Carli: The water is going into the building at
15:32:170Michele De Carli: 7 degrees C, you absorb the heat from the building.
15:36:600Michele De Carli: So with the delta T of 5. So the return temperature is 12 degrees and
15:46:410Michele De Carli: then you cool the water and the
15:52:360Michele De Carli: so the operation. Yeah, the operation here, and then
15:56:520Michele De Carli: the the you have the compression which is
16:01:444Michele De Carli: pumping the vapor. Okay? And then here you will have round about 50 degrees
16:07:930Michele De Carli: as condensing temperature. And here, more or less. 5.
16:11:920Michele De Carli: Okay, so depending on the power that you need to
16:18:310Michele De Carli: to cool the building, you have like this kind of machines which are for small size
16:28:807Michele De Carli: up to, let's say, 10 kilowatts of cooling. Usually you have just one fan. Okay, if you need more than 10 kilowatts of cooling. Then usually you have
16:41:20Michele De Carli: 2 files. Okay? So, depending on how many files you had in the machine, then you have the power. Of course, if you enlarge the power, then the typical
16:50:210Michele De Carli: typical of
16:53:870Michele De Carli: configuration is to put the thin coil and a V shape. Okay? And then you have the access fans which are blowing the air.
17:03:590Michele De Carli: It's
17:05:280Michele De Carli: okay. So these are, let's say, compass solution. You could in principle even have a remote condenser. Okay? So you can split. So you have a split machine so you can have the, the, the refrigerant cycle on one side and then not too far. Okay. But it can be that you might have the the the condenser in the remote zone.
17:30:360Michele De Carli: So outside, which means that this
17:33:440Michele De Carli: is in the inner side. Okay, might be okay. Another. But I mean it doesn't change anything.
17:44:220Michele De Carli: Of course, this is a possibility. Another possibility
17:49:680Michele De Carli: is to discharge the heat. Okay, they condense the condensing
17:56:80Michele De Carli: into the into the water. Okay?
18:01:190Michele De Carli: And here you have several possibilities. The, let's say, the most general condition. Okay
18:09:317Michele De Carli: ease to use, or the one general
18:14:920Michele De Carli: technology which can be used almost everywhere is the
18:22:10Michele De Carli: cooling tower. Okay? So what is a cooling tower? Basically, what you do is to work on
18:31:740Michele De Carli: a and a fog. Okay of of water.
18:37:130Michele De Carli: and you cool down the so you condense you. You cool the condenser by means of a water which is circulating into a
18:51:970Michele De Carli: green tower.
18:53:975Michele De Carli: Where you have the outer air which is glowing, and then you, you maker.
19:03:380Michele De Carli: to pressurize the water. Okay, in order to to have.
19:13:130Michele De Carli: like an automatic cooler. Okay?
19:16:390Michele De Carli: And in along this, along this fog of water you will. The the water will be cooled. Okay? By means of the of the
19:30:450Michele De Carli: evaporation of the of the water.
19:33:790Michele De Carli: Okay, so that means that you need some work that you
19:36:930Michele De Carli: replace. Okay? But you can, let's say, have as a reference temperature.
19:46:410Michele De Carli: not the outer air temperature, but the viewpoint temperature of outer air. Okay? Which is.
19:52:770Michele De Carli: if the outer temperature is more or less at 35 degrees. Usually the
19:58:610Michele De Carli: viewpoint temperature, maybe okay, at around 26 degrees. Okay.
20:04:840Michele De Carli: so this is a a possibility to to do what right basically to reviews the temperature, the communition.
20:17:500Michele De Carli: How can you reduce the condensation temperature? Well, 1st of all, the the the the environment
20:27:530Michele De Carli: is not 35 degrees. But it's 26 degrees. Okay, so you have 9 degrees lower temperature difference?
20:36:430Michele De Carli: Sorry? Yeah, 9 degrees lower lower temperature. Okay?
20:41:989Michele De Carli: Which means that this will reduce the condensation temperature.
20:48:450Michele De Carli: And of course, here
20:51:220Michele De Carli: this is a refrigerant to water heat exchanger, which is usually okay, more efficient than an air to refrigerant heat. Exchanger. Okay, so this is like,
21:06:528Michele De Carli: Plato. Okay, big changer
21:09:987Michele De Carli: which is compact. And of course, can, where? Where, you can say, realize about 5 degrees of temperature difference between this 26 degrees and the and the condensation time. So that means that you will condense, let's say at about 30
21:34:750Michele De Carli: 30 degrees next 32. Okay, so you will then
21:43:130Michele De Carli: gain 9 degrees for the environment plus 10 degrees for they
21:54:210Michele De Carli: 19 degrees for the background performance of the heat exchanger. Okay, so that means that basically you will reduce the condensation temperature 2 50 to, let's say 30, 35 degrees. Okay, 1520 degrees, more or less. Okay, which, of course, will be beneficial for the Ed or the machine, because in that case, if you reduce the
22:21:340Michele De Carli: temperature difference between the the in operation, which is always at the
22:30:400Michele De Carli: 7 20 degrees. Now you work instead of 5 50, you can work between 5. And let's say 32.
22:39:10Michele De Carli: So you earned. Okay, so you have not
22:42:10Michele De Carli: 45 degrees as temperature difference in the cycle. But you will have more or less. Let's say, 27 degrees. C, okay, which is, of course, much more beneficial.
22:58:580Michele De Carli: Usually it's 5 degrees.
23:00:740Michele De Carli: Okay, more or less.
23:05:410Michele De Carli: Of course it depends on how you size the heat exchanger. I mean, that is how you can do that.
23:10:860Michele De Carli: The solution, of course.
23:15:160Michele De Carli: Is more expensive because we need the these devices. Okay, which are, of course, more
23:25:620Michele De Carli: more expensive than the air condensed coin.
23:32:820Michele De Carli: You have a so you have to consider that you have to to refill the water, because, of course, the water will
23:48:300Michele De Carli: and you have also to condition the water. Okay? So as you. If you remember, I told you that when you have this kind of temperatures and you have a very humid environment, you might have the Legionella. So in order to of course, reduce the risk of Legionella, and also in order to reduce the problems that you might have.
24:17:786Michele De Carli: In the running operation. Okay of the system. You have to. Let's say,
24:25:30Michele De Carli: filter the water. You have to. To add some chemicals in order to make the water I mean, completely pure, and also to avoid the Legionella risk and also other
24:44:659Michele De Carli: organism that could take place in this kind of system. So that means that you will have a a better running cost from the operational point of view in terms of
24:59:350Michele De Carli: electricity. Okay?
25:01:630Michele De Carli: But of course you have to have some. Let's say maintenance cost, because you have to maintain the water clean. You have to. To. Let's say, keep the system operating. Okay? And and yes.
25:17:210Michele De Carli: don't we have it? Only if there was really stagnant.
25:22:98Michele De Carli: Yes, but I mean, here you are, here you are. You are collecting the water.
25:30:590Michele De Carli: the water which is falling. It's a precious disease, and then you
25:34:260Michele De Carli: cool the water, you spray it. So you're recirculating the water.
25:38:880Michele De Carli: It's not like in an air handling unit where the condensation is then
25:45:40Michele De Carli: thrown away. In this case you have
25:48:940Michele De Carli: you. You have to consider that here. Okay, but you can see them here
25:55:130Michele De Carli: that you have a supply recurrent water.
25:57:920Michele De Carli: So here you have the water, you spray the water.
26:01:220Michele De Carli: and here on the bottom. You receive the water.
26:05:200Michele De Carli: which is then cooled by the the stream over here, and then you will circulate again the water into the heat. Exchanger. Yes.
26:15:400Michele De Carli: sorry.
26:16:920Michele De Carli: It's it's stupid.
26:20:380Michele De Carli: You, too.
26:23:460Michele De Carli: Yeah, but it stops some. And then during night.
26:31:770Michele De Carli: okay, okay, you may have also. Okay, there are solutions which are able to work in
26:45:40Michele De Carli: So some, I didn't put it here. Okay, anyway. You have some. Let's say, hybrid solution between this
26:52:834Michele De Carli: solution in this one here. Okay? So basically, there are, let's say, systems which are able to work
27:00:680Michele De Carli: either with air or with the the viewpoint. So as outer air, or with the viewpoint temperature. Okay, depending on the outer air temperature. Okay?
27:13:07Michele De Carli: You might have some. Let's say, inter hybrid solutions. Okay.
27:20:878Michele De Carli: By the way, in the
27:26:220Michele De Carli: north, okay, close to where the seminar room is. Okay. If you go on the other side where the the heating plant is now they are replacing they. They are replacing the new
27:39:810Michele De Carli: cooling towers for all the area. Okay, for all the area on the other side of the yes, please.
27:49:400Michele De Carli: before the yes with the other solution. The other solution is especially
27:58:200Michele De Carli: done for cooling when you have, usually high amount, high amount of cooling and cooling all year long. Let's say, okay. So in that case you can use the solution for free cooling. So this is especially for data centers. Okay? Or let's say, process application. So so process cooling. Yes.
28:20:910Michele De Carli: Right? Okay.
28:26:323Michele De Carli: yes. So this is the very general condition. Sorry. Okay, so here.
28:33:800Michele De Carli: this solution, of course, this solution is particularly interesting.
28:38:990Michele De Carli: especially if you have very warm climates and dry climates. Okay, where you might have even a much larger temperature difference between the air and the dew point temperature. Okay.
28:54:520Michele De Carli: and here.
28:57:340Michele De Carli: of course, we have the other solutions which we have seen already in renewable energy technologies. Okay, so you, we can also condense into the water. Okay? And here, of course, we have the ground heat exchanger. Okay, we can release the heat. But then, of course, we should take into account that we need also to
29:21:570Michele De Carli: absorb the heat from the ground in winter, and of course, another possibility is to use the aquifer water. Okay? Where we can then cool the cool. We can cool the conductor by using an open secret. Okay, and open open secret in the let's say, from the.
29:45:690Michele De Carli: and
29:47:120Michele De Carli: so not to close the loop solution like this here, but in open circuit, where we have water from the aquifer, and we reject them open either in the same aquifer or
29:57:610Michele De Carli: that are quicker or into a chat. Okay, so this is these are opposite other possibilities. Of course, in this case
30:06:410Michele De Carli: you might have even better
30:11:00Michele De Carli: benefits in the temperature. The best solution would be to use an aquifer because the water is more or less at 15 degrees. Okay? So in this case.
30:25:680Michele De Carli: if the water is at 15 degrees.
30:30:440Michele De Carli: then the condensing temperature could be more or less active. Let's say 2022 degrees. Okay.
30:39:38Michele De Carli: and in this case you work between, let's say 5. 0, let's say
30:45:900Michele De Carli: 5 degrees, and the operation and 22 degrees in the condenser. Okay? Which it means that we can. Okay, we can work
30:56:370Michele De Carli: with a very small or the smallest delta T, that we can.
31:01:830Michele De Carli: Okay, which is, of course, the best. Of course I would like to remind you that if you have an aquifer and you're using radiance system
31:10:950Michele De Carli: with the aquifer, you can have free cooling. Okay? Because by a heat exchanger, you can cool the water of the radiance system. Okay, at 1780 degrees.
31:23:780Michele De Carli: just with a heat exchanger. Okay, without. So only with the heat pump. Sorry only with the pump not recurring to the compression.
31:31:810Michele De Carli: to the director, to the electricity for equipment for the ground it's exchanging.
31:38:520Michele De Carli: We are in between
31:41:790Michele De Carli: these 2. Okay, these 2 conditions. So we are in between the aquifer condition and the dew point temperature. So the
31:51:780Michele De Carli: let's see.
31:56:40Michele De Carli: 1st solution here. Okay, so
32:02:180Michele De Carli: the temperature can change can vary okay over the the year. The positive point is that you don't have
32:10:686Michele De Carli: the maintenance cost that you have here. But of course, in this case you have to invest in the poles. Okay? Which is, of course.
32:18:420Michele De Carli: Oh, I constantly.
32:23:197Michele De Carli: Click merge. Okay, alright. So all these solutions are, let's say, hydronic solution
32:35:780Michele De Carli: into the bit into water. Okay, of course, we can.
32:45:210Michele De Carli: Let's say, especially for these 3 solutions. So this solution here, this solution here and this solution.
32:55:510Michele De Carli: we can, instead of having the hydronic secret. Okay on the building.
33:02:950Michele De Carli: We can use the so-called direct expansion units. Okay, I want to recall, or I want to just tell you again that this is not a very
33:16:50Michele De Carli: widely new solution here in Europe. But okay, in principle.
33:22:200Michele De Carli: we can think about it. Okay, my opinion.
33:32:660Michele De Carli: But I don't know if you would like to know my opinion. But anyway, I think that this solution can become interesting. Okay.
33:42:510Michele De Carli: especially for, let's say, residential buildings. Okay.
33:50:182Michele De Carli: for replacing the current boilers in autonomous boilers.
33:57:80Michele De Carli: If you use it, a
34:00:970Michele De Carli: use a a closed loop. Okay in the building. You can. Okay. You can work with the decentralizing part. Okay? But I mean.
34:12:773Michele De Carli: so far, not so many applications have been proposed, but I think that this could be a an interest, of course.
34:24:670Michele De Carli: so so what what do we have in this stage in this stage? We have a a loop. Okay, water loop.
34:31:850Michele De Carli: And we have water to
34:36:670Michele De Carli: yeah heat pumps working in this way. Okay, where we can have the direct structure units. And we we reject the the heat. Okay, the the condenses. And of course, in this case we can use. So
34:58:00Michele De Carli: again, we have geothermal loop and so on. Okay.
35:06:490Michele De Carli: alright. So this is. just to show you that in principle we can also have systems which are not very widely used. But here, but we can have this application.
35:19:470Michele De Carli: Okay, of course. Then, this is a very widely extensively use the solution. Okay.
35:31:430Michele De Carli: this is the these are the dial, transparent units. Okay.
35:37:160Michele De Carli: we have in our house. So for residential applications is extremely diffuse.
35:44:40Michele De Carli: But we can use them also for small for small commercial applications. Okay.
35:54:155Michele De Carli: so you can see here that basically for this kind of system for the direct function unit, you can see that we have the the typical internal unit that we use in our house. But you can see that we have, let's say, applications. Similar applications, as we have seen, for the hydronic system, like the cassette as we have here. Okay, so instead of the water, we have
36:21:650Michele De Carli: the direct expansion inside the thin coil.
36:25:440Michele De Carli: or we can have a an
36:30:110Michele De Carli: where we have the direct where we have the the operation or the conversation of the of the refrigeration and gas inside. Which can be ducted. Okay? And as you can see here in this case, you can see, these are systems which are then used in
36:54:70Michele De Carli: no, no, that that creates solution. Right?
36:58:627Michele De Carli: What is the benefit of this solution? Well, the solution is again, maybe I already told you. But anyway the good point is that the the sizing is completely easy. Okay? So also the balancing. Okay for the, for the sizing. And and the design of this solution is
37:24:70Michele De Carli: very very low time consuming for the designer.
37:32:838Michele De Carli: The positive point is that usually you need the small pipes. Okay, because you're working on the, on, the, on the face change. So that means that
37:43:610Michele De Carli: the the freezer flow rate is much smaller than the water flow rate that you would have in a similar.
37:51:600Michele De Carli: in which makes the system more, the pipes more compact. Of course there are limitations on the there are 2 limitations. One is the distance that you can cover with the freezer inside. Because, you have a compressor. So you cannot go above 30 meters. Okay.
38:16:90Michele De Carli: 30 40 meters of distance. And the second point is that, with the new refrigerants, you have either
38:28:200Michele De Carli: light, slightly flammable or flammable
38:37:170Michele De Carli: refrigerance. Okay? Which I mean makes the system a little bit more
38:45:212Michele De Carli: carefully to be used in wide and extensively used in.
38:49:970Michele De Carli: Okay. By the way, I would like to mention that I was just talking with a person, one of the producers of this system. And with respect to the past, there is a reduction in the installation of the Drv solution. So the Dronica has been, has gained a lot of market in the last 5 years. Okay, so in the past.
39:20:240Michele De Carli: Most of the systems were installed like this solution here.
39:25:910Michele De Carli: and few. Or let's say that the percentage of hydraulic system were limited today. Okay, the market is more or less, half enough. Okay? So maybe some years ago, it was 70%, 80% dissolution and 2030%. The hydronic solution. Okay, anyway, this is also another opportunity. Okay.
39:49:380Michele De Carli: and and yes.
39:52:170Michele De Carli: Now I want to.
39:55:903Michele De Carli: I want to talk a little bit about how to. Let's say,
40:02:580Michele De Carli: Now the system has like to be considered, or which can be the the
40:10:800Michele De Carli: the suitable or efficient solutions for producing the the cooling. And, of course.
40:18:60Michele De Carli: since we are working on an inverse cycle, then we can use them also as heatma. Right?
40:24:650Michele De Carli: So 1st of all, this is the
40:32:255Michele De Carli: in schematic. Okay, what we have seen when we talk about the mixed solutions. Okay?
40:40:960Michele De Carli: So
40:43:40Michele De Carli: if you remember, we had a a chiller and a boiler, the chiller and the boiler. Okay. The boiler was
40:52:90Michele De Carli: heating the the water and also was supplying heat to the air handling. Okay?
40:58:760Michele De Carli: And the chiller was a separated separated machine. Okay? Which was
41:06:244Michele De Carli: used in the in the in the summer. And the bar was used to do it
41:11:680Michele De Carli: today. Okay, due to the let's say to the request that we had to
41:19:660Michele De Carli: produce renewable on buildings. Okay? And also related to the
41:27:200Michele De Carli: it's in general, hey? On the on the the policies which are
41:38:760Michele De Carli: requested by the European community. Okay,
41:48:270Michele De Carli: in this kind of solution, we actually, we basically use
41:53:900Michele De Carli: a okay. So in a rather a retrofit in a new building or in a retrofitted building. Okay.
42:02:130Michele De Carli: what you should do is actually to work with a reversible okay? So in that case you will have just one machine
42:10:730Michele De Carli: which is providing the air to the
42:15:620Michele De Carli: water emission units. Okay to the hydronic circuit here. Okay?
42:21:10Michele De Carli: And you are also providing the heater to the
42:27:650Michele De Carli: to the think oil over there. I mean, okay. Yes.
42:39:560Michele De Carli: no. Here we are talking about air to water system. We will talk also about the direct expansion system. Okay, so now, we talk about air to water system. Okay.
42:54:980Michele De Carli: so this is in general what we can. So I I
42:59:120Michele De Carli: I recap. So this was the the picture that we have seen
43:03:20Michele De Carli: one month ago more. That's okay.
43:07:670Michele De Carli: And here, you see, I put just a a heat pump. Okay.
43:14:820Michele De Carli: which is working on both the water and the air. Need I want to remind you that if you have a heat recovery unit here
43:24:970Michele De Carli: you might even not need okay, the
43:30:470Michele De Carli: the heating coil for the air, because
43:33:970Michele De Carli: due to the high or the relatively high values of the the efficiency of the heat recovery unit that we might have.
43:45:147Michele De Carli: Even if we have 1516 degrees as air temperature supply in the rooms. Okay, it's not necessary to really meet them. The the air up. Okay.
44:00:470Michele De Carli: unless the external in the outer temperature force. Really, much below. Okay, the 0. Okay.
44:09:531Michele De Carli: but in principle we just need the heat pump for the water. emission, what's for the hydrous?
44:19:650Michele De Carli: And
44:22:610Michele De Carli: and so this is a a typical, a typical solution that we can that we can use. Okay.
44:33:600Michele De Carli: now, what happens in summer in summer? Okay, in that case, we have said that we need
44:43:470Michele De Carli: in in, let's say in
44:47:970Michele De Carli: in a mixed season, in a water.
44:51:160Michele De Carli: air and water solution. Okay, we need
44:56:180Michele De Carli: both to dehumidify the air. So we need the
45:01:40Michele De Carli: cool, the air entering in the air handling unit. Okay?
45:06:860Michele De Carli: So the supply. Fresh air has to be cooled down and dehumidified. Okay?
45:12:910Michele De Carli: And in that case we need water at 7 degrees. Okay.
45:18:690Michele De Carli: yeah, just put one. Of of course, we have
45:22:270Michele De Carli: supply return. Okay? Just for the sake of simplicity and and and a problem of space. Yeah, just
45:31:370Michele De Carli: like one pipe, one line. But it's I mean, it's of course we have 2 pipes and
45:38:913Michele De Carli: so in the past. And of course, we need also to pull the in the past. Okay.
45:48:470Michele De Carli: the rate goes where? Where?
45:56:595Michele De Carli: Using the natural gas. Okay? So we had natural gas boiler, which was heating the water.
46:05:440Michele De Carli: Okay for supplying the red coil
46:09:920Michele De Carli: or in like, especially in North America. Even
46:16:770Michele De Carli: electric resistances. Okay, to heat the, to reheat the the air. This is a very I mean, since, let's say, 1520 years, it's possible
46:33:260Michele De Carli: to use part of the compensation gate. Okay.
46:44:150Michele De Carli: the heat coil, which is basically working on part of the condensed heater. Of course, here I didn't put. But we have also
46:55:40Michele De Carli: okay, another compensation.
46:59:650Michele De Carli: Okay, we have 2 heat exchanges. One is the link coin.
47:02:810Michele De Carli: and I think all I want is
47:10:760Michele De Carli: in this case, of course, what we are doing, we are reheating the the fresh air
47:20:130Michele De Carli: with it which could be anyway rejected. Okay, so in this case, we are providing a
47:28:290Michele De Carli: and a good efficiency to the system because we are not using any additional heat. Okay? Source. But we are just working on the rejection of the heat from a part of the rejection of the heat in the heat exchange in the, in the conversation.
47:55:330Michele De Carli: Okay, here.
47:57:580Michele De Carli: This cannot be just one heat. Exchanger, because if we could.
48:04:360Michele De Carli: yeah, here and you reject the heat, we will have a
48:08:880Michele De Carli: a outer air which will be sorry air, which will be
48:13:880Michele De Carli: they humidified, but at a higher temperature than required. So here the air should be at about a 1918
48:24:120Michele De Carli: 17 degrees. Okay, so if we have a
48:29:690Michele De Carli: I will. I will write it here.
48:31:940Michele De Carli: if here we have the evaporator.
48:34:270Michele De Carli: Okay. And here we have the. And here we have just one condenser.
48:41:10Michele De Carli: Okay?
48:42:100Michele De Carli: And here we have the compressor.
48:45:660Michele De Carli: Okay, then, yeah, we are
48:49:750Michele De Carli: releasing not only the heat of the operation, but also the energy, the power of the conference.
48:56:760Michele De Carli: Okay?
48:59:80Michele De Carli: So the power for the rate that we have here
49:06:350Michele De Carli: is just a part of the power. Right? We can.
49:11:420Michele De Carli: We can make an example if you want if you have time.
49:16:830Michele De Carli: but you have time because you have to be here. But I mean if you had the if you have if you're patient. Okay, let's say.
49:41:490Michele De Carli: okay.
49:50:510Michele De Carli: Okay. Oh, oh, oh, my name
49:57:700Michele De Carli: just a minute.
50:01:380Michele De Carli: Okay.
50:03:360Michele De Carli: Now.
50:13:623Michele De Carli: let's suppose that you have 35 degrees. Okay, outdoor air.
50:19:790Michele De Carli: Okay? And but
50:25:630Michele De Carli: 35 and 40%. Okay, so 40, yes, let's consider that this is the outer condition. Okay, now you go into the
50:36:240Michele De Carli: the cooling coil. Okay?
50:39:760Michele De Carli: And let's suppose that you end with perfect 5 degrees 11 degrees. Okay?
50:52:40Michele De Carli: And so this is the the cooling coil is pulling the air from here to here. Okay?
51:00:270Michele De Carli: And let's consider a very round
51:04:510Michele De Carli: value of 1,000 cubic meter per hour. Okay? Or let's say.
51:11:120Michele De Carli: 100 milligrams per second. Okay, which is even simpler. So they, the flow rate is 100
51:19:820Michele De Carli: kilograms per second. Okay?
51:23:60Michele De Carli: Oh, 10. Let's do 10.
51:28:10Michele De Carli: Okay, it doesn't matter.
51:29:860Michele De Carli: And so the call the current call is working from, let's say, 70. Okay, roughly speaking, from 70 to 30. Okay.
51:41:810Michele De Carli: Kilojoule per kilogram.
51:43:750Michele De Carli: Okay?
51:45:350Michele De Carli: So the cooling power.
51:47:560Michele De Carli: So the air
51:51:170Michele De Carli: outer air H. Outer air is 70 kilojoule per kilogram of dry air, and the h at the fink oil
52:01:450Michele De Carli: after the thin coil is 30.
52:04:140Michele De Carli: Alright.
52:06:940Michele De Carli: So through the kill, the cooling coil, we go from 70 to 30.
52:13:340Michele De Carli: Okay, and that means that the power is
52:17:880Michele De Carli: the power of the cooling coil.
52:21:950Michele De Carli: P, minus, okay, is equal to 100 kg per second times 14 kilojoule per milligram.
52:35:350Michele De Carli: Okay?
52:38:50Michele De Carli: So that means equal to that's a big problem.
52:48:850Michele De Carli: Okay, it's 4 megawatts. Okay, okay, it's a, it's a chiller. Okay, it's a for megawatts is
52:58:600Michele De Carli: usually it's 2 megawatts for but it doesn't matter. Anyway.
53:04:410Michele De Carli: okay, let's put 10 kg. Then let's do it.
53:11:720Michele De Carli: 10 kg. And let's put here
53:18:600Michele De Carli: 400 kilowatts. Okay, 400 kilowatts is more reasonable. Okay, so 400 kilowatts. Now, if you are.
53:29:130Michele De Carli: what is the power that you need here?
53:32:200Michele De Carli: So the rate power?
53:36:388Michele De Carli: So let's suppose we have seen that we we could consider
53:41:630Michele De Carli: 1670 degrees. But the the rate coil should be sized for a
53:51:170Michele De Carli: when you have a day, okay without solar radiation. Okay, you need to dehumidify. So when the
53:59:290Michele De Carli: the line, the the the, the, the the room doesn't need any cooling. Okay.
54:11:30Michele De Carli: so this is the most critical condition. So 26 degrees. Okay?
54:16:470Michele De Carli: So in that case, we have
54:19:750Michele De Carli: that we can board work. But I mean, let's say that practically we have 45. Okay, so we have
54:26:760Michele De Carli: to heat up the the
54:30:950Michele De Carli: the air from 30 to 45. Okay, so the power of the red coil we beat
54:42:550Michele De Carli: from 30 to 45. Okay, kilojoule per kilogram.
54:50:970Michele De Carli: So the power of the rate coil will be 10 times 15. Okay, the Delta H,
55:01:530Michele De Carli: which is 150.
55:05:370Michele De Carli: Kilowatts, thank.
55:08:950Michele De Carli: So that is so this means that you need less than half of the power.
55:15:700Michele De Carli: Okay, correct for the queen.
55:19:440Michele De Carli: Now let's suppose that the eer
55:27:290Michele De Carli: of the machine is 3. Okay, so let's suppose that the efficiency of our chiller. Okay is 3.
55:38:590Michele De Carli: Alright. So that means that for generating
55:43:880Michele De Carli: For cooling 400 kilowatts.
55:52:680Michele De Carli: Electricity that we need to spend is
55:56:550Michele De Carli: 400, divided by 3, which is 1, 3, 3. Right?
56:01:330Michele De Carli: Correct.
56:05:310Michele De Carli: So add the condenser.
56:16:710Michele De Carli: You need to reject 400 plus 1, 3, 3. So 533 cleaner ones. Right?
56:27:90Michele De Carli: Okay.
56:31:860Michele De Carli: 1st principle of thermodynamics. The 1st law.
56:36:600Michele De Carli: Alright.
56:39:730Michele De Carli: the electricity. Yes, but the condenser has to reject in the condenser. You reject the heat of the evaporator plus the compression.
56:53:760Michele De Carli: You are energy engineer right
56:56:20Michele De Carli: now I will, I will cut 5 points to all of you if you don't agree about that. Okay, so that means that this is the heat that you have to reject to the converser, and this is the heat that you have to deliver today
57:13:400Michele De Carli: to the, to the red coil.
57:16:630Michele De Carli: So, and we are not even considering the cooling load of your of your building. Okay?
57:29:375Michele De Carli: Anyway.
57:31:210Michele De Carli: Let's say that you need to reject 150 kilowatts in the rate coil.
57:43:330Michele De Carli: And you need to reject let's say, 300,
57:51:60Michele De Carli: 278, 77, 67. Okay, kilowatts in and other preventive.
58:04:850Michele De Carli: Okay? So you need 2 heat exchangers. Okay.
58:10:150Michele De Carli: one, which is the heat coil and another one which is refrigerant to air or refrigerant to water. It depends what we have. Okay?
58:22:550Michele De Carli: All right.
58:26:510Michele De Carli: Okay? Good. Yes, that we use that that age.
58:36:952Michele De Carli: Remember, actually the 3.rd
58:42:770Michele De Carli: Then in that case you would use water.
58:45:210Michele De Carli: If you want to do this
58:47:50Michele De Carli: kind of of. If you want to
58:50:750Michele De Carli: use the reuse, the condense heat, then you can use water, and then you distribute the water into into the different lead coils in the building.
59:03:450Michele De Carli: Because again, the you have a limit in the
59:12:580Michele De Carli: part of the of the of the refrigerant circuit. Okay?
59:21:470Michele De Carli: Okay, should should update the
59:25:120Michele De Carli: or sorry sorry. Sorry. Or in this case you can add just one
59:30:370Michele De Carli: heat, the refrigerant to water heat exchanger. Okay? And then you have.
59:37:00Michele De Carli: We have the red coil here, and a dry cooler outside. Good! Sorry.
59:47:290Michele De Carli: It's beautiful.
59:49:960Michele De Carli: It's just for the water, and then we put the water in each single zone.
59:57:480Michele De Carli: Yeah, okay. But I mean again, you need an additional
00:01:190Michele De Carli: condenser or an additional heat exchanger.
00:05:740Michele De Carli: Okay, okay, so of course, in this case
00:16:40Michele De Carli: what we are doing, we are working act with the sand breeze.
00:22:50Michele De Carli: apply temperature in all the day
00:26:330Michele De Carli: in coil of the 800 unit. And also okay in the emission systems.
00:34:768Michele De Carli: Of course I could in principle day with 2 different.
00:46:240Michele De Carli: She lets. Okay, one operating with 7 12 degrees in the pulling coil here
00:56:780Michele De Carli: and one children working at the 17 degrees. Okay for the
01:06:190Michele De Carli: emission systems. Okay? So in that case.
01:09:110Michele De Carli: I split the cooling into 2 different machines. Okay, I am
01:20:490Michele De Carli: evaporating at 5 degrees because I have to do that.
01:24:730Michele De Carli: If I want to dehumidify the water here. Okay, R.
01:33:270Michele De Carli: Sorry, and I separate?
01:38:556Michele De Carli: The cooling of the let's say, high temperature emission units, high temperature, cool emission systems.
01:49:220Michele De Carli: Okay?
01:51:450Michele De Carli: And in that case I cannot operate that
01:54:820Michele De Carli: 1314 15 degrees. Okay, which is 10 degrees
02:00:100Michele De Carli: higher evaporation temperature with respect to this one, and in that case the er will increase.
02:06:90Michele De Carli: But of course, I have to invest in 2 machines. Okay?
02:13:160Michele De Carli: So one possibility is to work.
02:17:351Michele De Carli: If I don't want to. To who
02:21:510Michele De Carli: use 2 machines, I could work
02:26:198Michele De Carli: in making a a cooling storage. Okay? Which is the easiest cooling storage that you have.
02:40:180Michele De Carli: Mr. Tops, or, mister, as you as you like. I'm for the gender parity, so you can call it as you
02:49:410Michele De Carli: So the top solution, okay, can really work
02:53:840Michele De Carli: in that way. I will try to make you understand how you can work with this solution here, and how? Why this solution here is
03:02:530Michele De Carli: particularly interesting. Okay, if you remember, I told you that this solution is working
03:10:530Michele De Carli: by in this case we have a radial ceiling
03:14:640Michele De Carli: where the pipes are embedded into the full concrete. Okay? So you are making a slab. Okay, structure as lab
03:24:924Michele De Carli: with the iron cages. You put the pipes in the middle, and when you
03:31:70Michele De Carli: fill with the concrete, okay? Then the pipes will be embedded.
03:37:620Michele De Carli: and in that case, you can see there are also some prefabricated the system already integrated into the the say, the
03:48:560Michele De Carli: item cages. Okay? And so how is this system working? Okay? So let's consider a typical office building, a typical office room. This is an office room based west. Okay.
04:04:698Michele De Carli: so this is the solar time.
04:10:320Michele De Carli: The sun in summer is a
04:14:520Michele De Carli: arising at 5 am. Okay? Sorry.
04:19:430Michele De Carli: And in that case, you see that the
04:24:708Michele De Carli: we are east oriented. Okay? Sorry West oriented. In that case, we can see that we have. Okay.
04:34:350Michele De Carli: this is the diffuser issue. Right?
04:37:980Michele De Carli: This is the rubesh and the
04:44:395Michele De Carli: you can see that. Then at $8 time, 9.
04:50:593Michele De Carli: Legal time, we have any increase.
04:59:640Michele De Carli: What is this
05:03:840Michele De Carli: office
05:08:230Michele De Carli: people.
05:09:760Michele De Carli: So the internal loads plus the air handling unit. So you switch on the air handling unit. Okay?
05:17:440Michele De Carli: And you have the air handling unit plus the internal rates. Okay.
05:25:480Michele De Carli: you can see that. Then here, okay, there is the increase which is related to the by, partly on the cooling load of the air handling unit because the temperature increases.
05:36:600Michele De Carli: But mainly okay, due to the diffuser allegation. Okay?
05:41:682Michele De Carli: And then we can see that we have the direct solar radiation
05:49:460Michele De Carli: real time and the data shown. Okay, then will be particularly, entering
06:01:430Michele De Carli: in the afternoon. Okay, so this is the the effect of the direct solar evolution. Okay.
06:10:262Michele De Carli: Then at the 6 Pm. Solar time or 7 pm. In that time
06:18:330Michele De Carli: you switch off the air handling units. Okay, you switch off everything. So the same power. So the same peak that you have here, the sudden peak that you have here
06:30:630Michele De Carli: is the okay, the lowering power that you have here. And so this is the same.
06:40:440Michele De Carli: Then you have only the solar radiation, the data solar radiation. But you have just 1 h day of solar radiation, and then
06:49:100Michele De Carli: then this sucks.
06:52:810Michele De Carli: Okay?
06:54:190Michele De Carli: So if you have to cool the building.
06:58:630Michele De Carli: the room. Okay, this is the cooling power.
07:03:320Michele De Carli: Sorry the cooling energy that you have to subtract. Okay? And over the day, okay, over the day.
07:18:80Michele De Carli: And this is the power.
07:20:40Michele De Carli: Okay, of the air handling unit more or less. Okay.
07:27:190Michele De Carli: So in principle.
07:29:400Michele De Carli: This is the power that you need to provide over the day. For sure.
07:38:390Michele De Carli: the rest of the power
07:44:480Michele De Carli: store it in. The structures say, so, you can basically cool destructors overnight.
07:53:340Michele De Carli: Okay? So you have your your
07:57:960Michele De Carli: have the water flowing in the pipes of the tubs overnight. The tubs is cooling down.
08:03:970Michele De Carli: Okay, you are starting the cooling.
08:06:740Michele De Carli: and then this cooling will be needed will be used the following day. Okay, and in that case
08:15:250Michele De Carli: you will have a peak load reduction, and we'll use just one chima.
08:23:120Michele De Carli: The chiller can work at 7 12 degrees here and
08:29:170Michele De Carli: a greater temperature here. Okay, so the the supply water
08:33:640Michele De Carli: of the types here, I told you, is the that
08:39:500Michele De Carli: in cooling is the higher temperature that you can get for any type of initial system. So you can cool the slab with 19 degrees of
08:51:120Michele De Carli: okay, water temperature as a supply. Okay? So 19, that means that you have 7 degrees temperature
08:58:600Michele De Carli: difference between the water in the air and the room.
09:02:60Michele De Carli: and you can cool this lab overnight.
09:05:859Michele De Carli: Yes.
09:13:10Michele De Carli: no, this is the air handling.
09:16:340Michele De Carli: The engine unit has to work. You need to humidify the water.
09:20:520Michele De Carli: it's on gear, and in that case you need to
09:23:830Michele De Carli: to evaporate at 5 degrees because you need to.
09:27:390Michele De Carli: They modify and cool you the overnight. When the air handling unit switches off, you can pull
09:35:910Michele De Carli: this lab so you can pull the structures. Okay. And by cooling the structures you store the cooling which is needed for
09:46:830Michele De Carli: right.
09:47:910Michele De Carli: Or, of course, the following day the structures will rise up in temperature.
09:54:50Michele De Carli: Okay, what you need to consider is that you need to have
09:59:490Michele De Carli: to stay in between the comfort zone. Okay? So the mean, the operative temperature mean temperature between me, radiant. And there, you can see is 23 degrees
10:14:570Michele De Carli: in the morning, and it's here
10:20:640Michele De Carli: 26 at the end of the day. So you are in between 23 and 26. You have
10:27:500Michele De Carli: a brief temperature. Okay, that is not that a problem. Okay, thank you.
10:41:400Michele De Carli: Yes.
10:44:580Michele De Carli: because if you, I mean, this is the overall game. So you know that maybe the cooling load would be lower. But I mean in, if you are using any kind of other system.
11:00:20Michele De Carli: you have to fulfill the cooling load during the day, and
11:03:860Michele De Carli: maybe it's not like that. It would be some smaller. But anyway, your peak would be here.
11:09:920Michele De Carli: This is the peak load for cooling.
11:12:330Michele De Carli: In this case you size the the chiller just for the air handling unit, just for the pressure.
11:19:970Michele De Carli: And you will have a peak load reduction.
11:22:670Michele De Carli: Okay?
11:24:530Michele De Carli: Which means also electric reduction for the for the electric plant and the the it's absorbed.
11:33:140Michele De Carli: Okay? And you can also work by working overnight in case you might have also cheaper cost of electricity.
11:44:730Michele De Carli: Okay, of course. So this is what you see here. This is the the temperature of the water. So you can see that you can worry.
11:54:610Michele De Carli: You. Cool down the tops. Okay, the the temperature in the tops will reach, let's say, round about 2345 degrees, and then during the night you cool the tops at around 20
12:09:50Michele De Carli: meetings modes.
12:12:620Michele De Carli: So the advantages are what you have seen. So 2. But to you work. You limit the peak, temper the peak power. You work to different evaporating temperatures, and you can work with cheaper electricity in case overnight.
12:32:450Michele De Carli: Of course.
12:34:820Michele De Carli: Again, you can see you cannot. Okay. Exceed
12:41:180Michele De Carli: 50 55 watts per meter. Okay, this is again, the what is required as cooling load. Okay, this is the maximum cooling load that can be provided by the top. So that means that you need really to protect carefully from the solar addiction. Okay.
13:02:850Michele De Carli: so here. I want to show you the the let's say the the
13:13:950Michele De Carli: how we can work. With the the tabs. Okay? So
13:19:192Michele De Carli: in this case, you can see we have.
13:24:560Michele De Carli: You can choose to run the water into the pipes
13:29:380Michele De Carli: for let's say, 8 h. Okay, so 8 h means you run the water for just 8 h overnight.
13:37:390Michele De Carli: or you can run the water for 12 h. Okay, which means that you work for 12 h
13:42:890Michele De Carli: during the day. Okay for the air and the unit, and 12 h for pulling the tabs. Okay,
13:52:680Michele De Carli: so you can see if we run for 8 h. Okay,
14:00:610Michele De Carli: and if the cooling power is 50 degree. If 50 watts per square meter. Okay, we can see that
14:09:530Michele De Carli: we can.
14:13:220Michele De Carli: So this is the supply temperature. So we can
14:16:620Michele De Carli: had a supply temperature of 18 degrees. Okay, which is by Thai.
14:24:700Michele De Carli: But on the other side this would be the size of the chiller.
14:32:810Michele De Carli: which is 58 watts per square meter.
14:36:290Michele De Carli: so you can say, well, it's tricky. You told me that we could. We could save peak load. So if the peak load is 60 watts per meter. Now we have 8 watts per square meter more. Okay?
14:52:557Michele De Carli: Yes, it's true.
14:55:118Michele De Carli: Let's say that 1st of all.
14:58:730Michele De Carli: we are not considering the the peak load for the air handling unit that you. You should put that on top. Okay.
15:06:810Michele De Carli: but I just choose to work 8 h.
15:10:930Michele De Carli: If I choose to work 12 h, what happens?
15:16:890Michele De Carli: Yeah, I can run at
15:21:150Michele De Carli: 19.5 degrees. So I can increase the temperature of the supply okay of the water.
15:27:790Michele De Carli: I'm running for longer time. The water in today, perhaps. Okay.
15:33:810Michele De Carli: And
15:39:870Michele De Carli: the peak power. Now, it's 40 watts per square meter. So it's 20% less than
15:48:940Michele De Carli: in the calculations that we had.
15:52:60Michele De Carli: So basically, the energy that I want to store in this lab
15:58:820Michele De Carli: is a question on how, which is the temperature, the supply temperature. And for how long I run the system in the box? Okay?
16:11:90Michele De Carli: In any case, based on our experience.
16:14:650Michele De Carli: If you reduce the solar, the solar gain. Okay.
16:18:670Michele De Carli: usually the power which is needed for the air handling unit is enough to cool the structure overnight. Okay.
16:27:780Michele De Carli: so that is based on our speed.
16:33:980Michele De Carli: So the question is, why don't we use tabs?
16:39:20Michele De Carli: That's a good question.
16:40:590Michele De Carli: I have no answer. But I mean, no, I have some answers, Okay,
16:45:530Michele De Carli: The answer is, we are in it. I mean, you need to to
16:51:850Michele De Carli: have really a good envelope. Okay? So you should
16:56:898Michele De Carli: have architects, which are who are, let's say, sensitive. Okay? Sensible to that.
17:05:122Michele De Carli: You need to consider from the early beginning of the design this time.
17:13:820Michele De Carli: But it works okay. So just to make you an example, the museum and 9 in Maestro, okay, is made is cool by taps. Okay?
17:25:760Michele De Carli: There are other examples. And also the other. The other problem that we have okay
17:33:530Michele De Carli: is that it would be preferable to work with the concrete. But we are, I mean, there are solutions also for lighter structures. Okay.
17:46:270Michele De Carli: like. And and usually we use light distracted in order for for seismic issues. Okay, but you can work also with lighter structure.
17:56:290Michele De Carli: Okay, so this is actually one possibility. Okay, so you can see that you can work.
18:04:140Michele De Carli: Okay? In this case, you will have just one generation system and will work
18:12:470Michele De Carli: with 2 different temperature states.
18:22:330Michele De Carli: Okay, and another efficient.
18:28:30Michele De Carli: They study. Okay, another possibility is
18:32:180Michele De Carli: for large applications. As I told you. Okay?
18:35:640Michele De Carli: An efficient cooling system is the combination of floor cooling and displacement ventilation. Okay?
18:44:345Michele De Carli: In this case, you can see, this is the Bangkok airport, where you need the cooling all year long. Okay.
18:54:637Michele De Carli: it's also very humid. So I mean.
18:58:516Michele De Carli: of course, you need to daily defy the year in this case
19:05:597Michele De Carli: the floor. Cooling was
19:09:760Michele De Carli: use, together with the displacement ventilation. So you can see here. Okay.
19:15:420Michele De Carli: of course, also, in this case, you can see that there there was a
19:20:530Michele De Carli: an important analysis on how to reduce the solar gain. Okay, how to improve the the the envelope. Okay.
19:32:990Michele De Carli: And in this case you can see that the
19:36:180Michele De Carli: basically the idea was to cool just the bottom part of the of the building. Okay?
19:43:920Michele De Carli: And in that case.
19:46:825Michele De Carli: by working with displacement, ventilation, and radiant floor, you can see that the energy saving we, I mean.
19:55:00Michele De Carli: compare the full air system which you would have used in this case
20:01:85Michele De Carli: could lead that to 30% of
20:05:880Michele De Carli: greater efficiency over energy saving. Okay?
20:09:350Michele De Carli: Because you just need to cool the bottom part of the of the of the of the building. Okay?
20:16:380Michele De Carli: And by, you know that by working out the displacement you have
20:21:230Michele De Carli: certification. Okay? But the top of the room, if it's warm.
20:26:570Michele De Carli: it doesn't matter. Okay, because nobody should be there. Okay?
20:32:50Michele De Carli: And in that case, yeah, you can see the the the savings that you have. Okay by working with this solution.
20:42:630Michele De Carli: And it works, okay, still there. And still, it's working.
20:47:350Michele De Carli: Okay, okay, what about the
21:01:360Michele De Carli: direct expansion systems? Okay? Or can we work?
21:06:40Michele De Carli: The question that was done previously by your colleague?
21:09:750Michele De Carli: Then we work with the data transplant unit
21:12:960Michele De Carli: on an avenue. Yes, we can do that. Okay, actually, is a very well known technology.
21:20:320Michele De Carli: It's called the rooftop. Okay, usually
21:23:420Michele De Carli: it's called rooftop, because usually it is put on top of the roof, okay, especially for large
21:32:570Michele De Carli: volumes. Okay, like, retails
21:37:430Michele De Carli: or cinemas. Okay, so where you have any way to use the fuller system. Okay.
21:45:50Michele De Carli: in that case, you have a heat pump on the board of the
21:49:680Michele De Carli: A handy unit, and of course it can work
21:53:360Michele De Carli: both ways for heating and cooling.
21:56:500Michele De Carli: So this is okay. How it is made. So you can see here.
22:02:80Michele De Carli: Okay, this is the return air.
22:07:20Michele De Carli: Okay, this is the outer air.
22:11:890Michele De Carli: This is the supply. And this is the exhaust. Okay,
22:17:690Michele De Carli: So you can see that here, this box
22:21:210Michele De Carli: is actually the air ending unit.
22:24:640Michele De Carli: And this box
22:28:20Michele De Carli: is the reversible heat. Okay? So you can see that the heat pump is rejecting the heat on the app with the axle fans on
22:37:930Michele De Carli: the top of okay, here you can see these are the
22:42:80Michele De Carli: the Cincoil, where you have the
22:45:810Michele De Carli: condensation or the evaporation. The other thing called is here. Okay in the Airhead case.
22:55:870Michele De Carli: Okay? And in that case you can see that you were with this solution.
23:03:950Michele De Carli: Okay, so this is called rooftop solution. Okay? And this is widely used solution for for
23:17:210Michele De Carli: for large areas for large rooms for large, polite. Okay, like. If you have a like a
23:27:330Michele De Carli: shopping mall or something like.
23:32:80Michele De Carli: of course, Ben, so these are all the technologies that you can use, I mean
23:37:250Michele De Carli: with the efficient or efficient solutions and other
23:43:760Michele De Carli: system which can be used is not very widely used. But it can be interesting, especially if you have
23:49:370Michele De Carli: rejected heat or solar energy. Okay?
23:53:20Michele De Carli: Or in a 3 generative system. Okay? Like, if you're using congeneration like in
24:03:740Michele De Carli: in hospitals. Okay? And is the absorption cycles. Okay, how do they work?
24:10:790Michele De Carli: Basically, you have a a mixture. Okay?
24:21:120Michele De Carli: you have. Sorry.
24:29:680Michele De Carli: You have the so called generator. What is this is basically a the unit where you are splitting the 2. Okay, the 2
24:39:247Michele De Carli: compounds. Usually you have 2 compounds. Okay, you have 2 chemicals. Okay?
24:46:710Michele De Carli: and usually the 2 chemicals are either water, blue tumor mites. Okay, r, ammonia water.
25:00:40Michele De Carli: NH, 4, 3, 3.
25:03:890Michele De Carli: Yeah, I I wrote 3.
25:09:122Michele De Carli: And it's 3, I think. Anyway, ammonia and water. Okay.
25:13:680Michele De Carli: so usually, these are the 2, the the 2 mixtures. Okay, you can use.
25:20:400Michele De Carli: The mostly widely used is the water
25:24:410Michele De Carli: lithium bromide. Okay? So in the generator you're set, you separate. You use the heat in order to to separate the 2 mixers. Okay, the the 2 compounds
25:38:10Michele De Carli: and the water east is then working as refrigerant. Okay, so
25:47:980Michele De Carli: it goes into the condenser. It releases the heat. Okay.
25:52:400Michele De Carli: yeah, I want to remind you that you are absorbing it. Okay, with the. And this is the heat that can be used as rejected it, or solar energy, okay? Or
26:05:165Michele De Carli: like. the thermal
26:09:930Michele De Carli: energy of a core generation system. Okay? And so the water is. Then here you have the lamination
26:18:294Michele De Carli: you go in the evaporator, so you absorb the the cooling power.
26:24:580Michele De Carli: Then you have a.
26:27:420Michele De Carli: The. The leading board might is then also
26:34:110Michele De Carli: the pressurized okay in in laminar with with laminar waves. And here you have your discharging it, usually in a
26:46:260Michele De Carli: in a cooling tower. Okay?
26:48:980Michele De Carli: Usually in the cooling tower. And then, you, you have the liquid. Okay? And you're pumping the the system. And then again, you have the generator. Okay?
27:00:880Michele De Carli: So usually the absorption cycles are using water and lithium per night in order to produce cooling here.
27:09:720Michele De Carli: The ammonia water
27:12:950Michele De Carli: absorption. Cycles are used instead for generating heat. Okay? So you might have absorption heat pumps. Okay, in this case, usually the absorption heat pumps. They work with natural gas. Okay, so they are not
27:26:820Michele De Carli: it. They were really. They became quite famous
27:30:270Michele De Carli: at the beginning of 2,000. But today, due to the limits okay of
27:34:670Michele De Carli: the natural gas and due to the
27:39:41Michele De Carli: fact that we need to have renewable energy. Then letting on site. Okay, the ammonia and water cycle are not very widely used as heat pump. In that case the ammonia was working in the in the
27:56:462Michele De Carli: inverse cycle. Okay? So which is the
28:01:190Michele De Carli: coefficient of performance of the system. It depends usually is 0 point 7. Okay, so you can get 70%
28:09:180Michele De Carli: of the rejected it that you have okay as input
28:13:530Michele De Carli: thermal power of your system, you might have even one, even 1.13. Okay.
28:22:196Michele De Carli: so usually, this is the cop. You can have a greater cop
28:26:480Michele De Carli: if you if the cycle works on 2. Okay pressure stages. Okay? But
28:34:846Michele De Carli: usually it's a cop of 0 point 7, which is, I mean, easy to handle and also easy to also less expensive. Okay?
28:48:280Michele De Carli: All right.
28:49:420Michele De Carli: And this is the absorption it pump. Okay, which was mainly produced by Rob. I can. I can type the name because there were no, not so many other producers.
28:58:800Michele De Carli: In this case. They it was
29:02:60Michele De Carli: particularly suited for heating purposes. Okay.
29:07:690Michele De Carli: it cannot work really very well in cooling, because the cycle was optimized to work in heating.
29:15:720Michele De Carli: And if you use this system, you can work only in cooling. Okay, so you cannot work on both heating and cooling as absorption cycle. Okay, so far, it's not possible with any, with the, with the commercial solution, or with the solutions available in the market. Okay, good.
29:37:640Michele De Carli: So what is left is looking at residential applications. But we will look at them. Okay in the next and final lecture. Okay? So
29:53:280Michele De Carli: that's all for today.
29:56:950Michele De Carli: And the good rush for the project. Okay?
30:01:600Michele De Carli: But I think that you are almost at the end. Right?
30:09:360Michele De Carli: You can. You can upload already if you want. But it's not is
30:14:70Michele De Carli: since one Pm. Today you can upload it.
30:18:350Michele De Carli: Okay. Yes. Let me check.
30:24:200Michele De Carli: Okay.
30:28:710Michele De Carli: 3 days. 3 junior is possible. 3 of June is possible.
30:34:740Michele De Carli: See?
30:39:160Michele De Carli: Allura.
30:50:310Michele De Carli: Hello, Laura! Laura.
31:02:640Michele De Carli: Okay.
31:15:820Michele De Carli: okay.
31:26:480Michele De Carli: I'm checking the rumor.
31:29:256Michele De Carli: Presentation pass.
32:13:740Michele De Carli: and how many of you would take the exam on the 3rd of July of June?
32:21:630Michele De Carli: Not so many.
32:24:260Michele De Carli: Okay, no. I mean, it's fine. We can do in the room that we usually have lecture
32:34:210Michele De Carli: only once, but I mean for for people who do the exam on the 3rd of June
32:41:570Michele De Carli: they can upload it for the same date for the for the 1st date.
32:50:500Michele De Carli: which is, I don't remember when.
32:53:660Michele De Carli: Yeah, he needs it.
33:01:450Michele De Carli: Yes, yes, you can. Okay, yes, you can take the exam on the 3rd of June.
33:09:260Michele De Carli: and then you can upload afterwards
33:12:440Michele De Carli: at the deadline of the 1st official date.
33:24:420Michele De Carli: Yes.
33:30:930Michele De Carli: and
33:32:390Michele De Carli: yes, I have to check, if I can, if I'm able to put on the 3rd of June the
33:37:10Michele De Carli: official date. Yes, we can also put an official date.
33:43:300Michele De Carli: Yes, the last lecture of the course should be
33:52:550Michele De Carli: on, on, on, on, like. Wait a minute.
34:01:340Michele De Carli: It's
34:05:150Michele De Carli: is the 27th of May.
34:13:700Michele De Carli: I mean. But you have a lot of time, and we should have the 21st and 26 the 21, st we would like to have a technical visit. Okay.
34:24:441Michele De Carli: to see some plans here in the university and the 26, we have the seminar on data center.
34:30:370Michele De Carli: Okay?
34:32:970Michele De Carli: And the 27 is the last lecture. So I mean, the 20th is almost
34:38:920Michele De Carli: the the clear is almost ended.
34:49:410Michele De Carli: If you want to have more lectures I'm I'm available in.
34:53:30Michele De Carli: If you want to increase the know-how for me. It's okay. Nothing.
34:56:520Michele De Carli: It's enough.
34:57:680Michele De Carli: Okay, thank you, bye, just a moment. I will sure.